Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths Flashcards
(240 cards)
1
Q
eukaryotic, unicellular or colonial organism
that lacks true tissues.
A
protist
2
Q
two organisms under the kingdom protista.
A
algae and protozoa
3
Q
group of photosynthetic organisms.
A
algae
4
Q
examples of algae that are most recognizable (large, multicellular).
A
seaweed and kelp
5
Q
where is algae found?
A
found in ocean, shore, wet rocks, ponds, soil and trees with sufficient moisture.
6
Q
widespread inhabitants of fresh water & marine water.
A
algae
7
Q
what type of water temperature does algae like?
A
cool temperature of water
8
Q
main component of the floating community of
microscopic organisms.
A
algae
9
Q
floating community of microscopic organisms.
A
plankton
10
Q
produce most of the earth’s oxygen.
A
algae
11
Q
study of algae.
A
phycology/algology
12
Q
the person who studies algae.
A
phycologists/algologists
13
Q
algae are heterotrophs or autotrophs?
A
autotrophs
14
Q
unicellular, colonial, filamentous organism.
A
algae
15
Q
do algae have complex organs?
A
simple organs
16
Q
are all eukaryotic organelles present in an algae?
A
yes
17
Q
organelles found in algae.
A
cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, plastids, ribosomes, mitochondria, golgi complex
18
Q
thickened cell membrane of algae.
A
pellicle
19
Q
“eye spot” a light sensing organelle in algae.
A
stigma
20
Q
does algae have flagella?
A
yes
21
Q
most prominent structure of algae.
A
chloroplast
22
Q
what does chloroplast contain?
A
green pigment called chlorophyll
23
Q
is green the only pigment found in chloroplast?
A
also contains other photosynthetic pigment that create other colors of red, brown & yellow
24
Q
examples of microscopic algae.
A
diatoms, dinoflagellates & desmids
25
location of algae depends on?
availability of nutrients, wavelength of
light & surfaces where they can grow
26
which is more plantlike, algae or protozoa?
algae
27
how does algae produce their energy?
photosynthesis
28
how does photosynthesis work?
algae use energy from the sun, carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic nutrients from the soil to build cellular material
29
what does algal cell walls contain?
cellulose
30
algae that does not have cell walls.
euglena and volvox
31
algae that does not have a cell wall containing cellulose.
diatoms and dinoflagellates
32
the body of a multicellular alga (seaweed).
thallus/thalli
33
anchor alga to rock
branched holdfast
34
thallus is made up of?
branched holdfast, stemlike and hollow stipes, and leaflike blades
35
what structure helps thallus carry out photosynthesis?
cells covering thallus
36
thallus lacks what two conductive tissues?
xylem and phloem
37
how does algae absorb nutrients?
absorb nutrients from water over entire surface
38
floating gas-filled bladder.
pneumatocyst
39
buoyed by a floating gas-filled bladder.
algae
40
vegetative structure of algae.
thallus/thalli
41
all algae can reproduce?
asexually
42
what algae can fragment themselves to form a new thallus/filament?
multicellular algae with thalli & filamentous forms
43
some algae can reproduce?
sexually
44
common kinds of planktons
cyanobacteria, silica-encased diatoms, dinoflagellates, green algae, and chalk-coated coccolithophores
45
macroscopic and may reach lengths of 50m.
brown algae/kelp
46
most are found in coastal water.
brown algae/kelp
47
a thickener used in many food extracted from the cell wall of a type of algae.
algin
48
a thickener used in many food is extracted from the cell wall of a?
brown algae/kelp
49
used to induce vaginal dilation before surgical entry into uterus through vagina.
Laminaria japonica
50
have delicately branched thalli and can live in greater ocean depths than other algae.
red algae
51
the red pigments enable red algae to absorb ____ that penetrates deepest into the ocean.
blue light
52
have cellulose cell walls, contain chlorophyll & store starch as plants do.
green algae
53
most green algae are?
microscopic, although they may either be unicellular or multicellular
54
are tiny, unicellular algae that live in both freshwater and seawater.
diatoms
55
is diatoms unicellular or multicellular?
unicellular
56
important members of the phytoplankton.
diatoms
57
what does diatom cell wall contain?
silicon dioxide, making their cell walls made of glass
58
fossilized remains of diatoms.
diatomaceous earth
59
deposits of diatoms are used to make?
diatomaceous earth
60
where is diatomaceous earth used?
filtration systems, insulation, and abrasives
61
are microscopic, unicellular, flagellated, often photosynthetic algae.
dinoflagellates
62
are dinoflagellates unicellular or multicellular?
unicellular
63
produce much of the oxygen in our atmosphere and serving as important links in food chains.
dinoflagellates
64
some dinoflagellates produce light and are sometimes referred to as?
fire algae
65
responsible for red tides.
dinoflagellates
66
examples of green algae.
desmids, Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, Volvox, and Euglena, all of which can be found in pond water.
67
unicellular algae, some of which resemble a microscopic banana.
desmids
68
an example of a filamentous alga, often producing long green strands in pond water.
spirogyra
69
unicellular, bi-flagellated alga, containing one chloroplast and a stigma.
Chlamydomonas
70
multicellular alga (sometimes referred to as a colonial alga or colony), consisting of as many as 60,000 interconnected, bi-flagellated cells, arranged to form a hollow sphere.
volvox
71
how does the volvox colony move through water?
rolling motion
72
possesses features present in both algae and protozoa.
Euglena
73
does Euglena contain chloroplasts?
yes
74
protozoan features of Euglena
presence of cytostome and the absence of a cell wall
75
primitive mouth of protozoans.
cytostome
76
possesses a photo sensing organelle called a stigma and a single flagellum. With its stigma, it can sense light; with its flagellum, it
can swim into the light.
Euglena
77
although Euglena has no cell wall, it possesses a?
pellicle
78
function of a pellicle
protection
79
important source of food, iodine and other
minerals, fertilizers, emulsifiers for pudding, and stabilizers for ice cream and salad dressings (algins).
algae
80
used as a gelling agent for jams and nutrient
media for bacterial growth.
algae
81
algae are nearly 50%?
oil
82
because algae are nearly 50% oil, scientists are studying them as a source of?
biofuels
83
agar used as a solidifying agent in laboratory culture media is made up of?
complex polysaccharide derived from a red marine alga
84
overgrowth of motile algae imparting a brilliant red color to the water.
red tide
85
colonies of algae grow out of control while producing toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals, and birds.
harmful algal blooms
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HABs causes __________ which is marked by severe neurological symptoms and is fatal.
paralytic shellfish poisoning
87
intoxication caused by algal toxins that have accumulated in fish (bass & mackerel).
ciguatera
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prototheca causes infections to humans called?
protothecosis
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lives in soil and can enter wounds especially on lower extremities. if organism enters lymphatics, it can lead to fatal infection.
prototheca
90
are eukaryotic organisms that together with algae are classified in the kingdom protista.
protozoa
91
the protozoa include about how many species?
65,000
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most members are harmless inhabitants of the water and soil.
protozoa
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most protozoa are unicellular or multicellular?
unicellular
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size of protozoa ranges from?
3-2,000 micrometer
95
which is more animal like: protozoa or algae?
protozoa
96
study of protozoa.
protozoology
97
the person who studies protozoa.
protozoologist
98
does protozoa have chloroplasts?
no
99
single cells containing all major eukaryotic organelles except chloroplasts.
protozoa
100
organelles of protozoa can be highly specialized into structures analogous to?
mouths, digestive system, reproductive tracts, and legs (means of locomotion)
101
cytoplasm is divided into two layers in protozoa, name them.
ectoplasm and endoplasm
102
layer of cytoplasm that is a clear outer layer involved in locomotion, feeding, and protection.
ectoplasm
103
layer of cytoplasm that is the granular inner region that houses nucleus, mitochondria, and contractile vacuole.
endoplasm
104
does protozoa have cell walls?
no
105
flexible, cell shape can remain constant as in ciliates or change constantly as in amoebas.
protozoa
106
some protozoans possesses?
pellicle, cytostomes, contractile vacuole, pseudopodia, cilia, and flagella
107
common pond water ciliates
paramecium
108
paramecium possesses both?
pellicle and cytostome
109
organelle that pumps water out of the cell.
contractile vacuole
110
heterotrophic species that scavenge dead plant or animal debris, graze on live cells of bacteria and algae, and some absorb food directly through cell membrane.
free-living species
111
heterotrophic species that live on fluids of the host such as plasma and digestive juices, may actively feed on tissues, many parasitic protozoa are pathogens causing malaria, giardiasis, African sleeping sickness and amoebic dysentery.
parasitic species
112
limiting factor of protozoan habitat.
availability of moisture
113
predominant habitats of protozoa.
fresh and marine water, soil, plants, animals, and extreme temperature and pH is not barrier to their existence
114
example of a protozoa that coexist with their host animal in a mutualistic relationship.
termite and its intestinal protozoa
115
three styles of locomotion in protozoa.
pseudopods, flagella, and cilia
116
false feet
pseudopods
117
blunt, branched or long & pointed.
pseudopods
118
flowing action of pseudopods results in?
amoeboid motion
119
also serve as feeding structures for amoebas.
pseudopods
120
also serve as feeding structures for Amoebas, they surround particle with pseudopodia, which then fuse together (phagocytosis).
true
121
vary in number from one to several.
flagella
122
exhibit a wavelike motion.
flagella
123
in some species, flagella is attached along the length of cell by an extension of cytoplasmic membrane called?
undulating membrane
124
hair-like projections distributed over the entire surface of the cell in characteristic pattern.
cilia
125
exhibit an oarlike motion.
cilia
126
most complex and diverse cell because of the tremendous variety in arrangements and functions.
ciliates
127
in certain protozoa, it lines anal groove & function in feeding.
cilia
128
in others, they fuse together to form stiff props that serve as primitive rows of walking legs.
cilia
129
motile, feeding, dividing stage of protozoa.
trophozoite
130
formed when conditions become unfavorable for growth and feeding (like bacterial spores).
cyst
130
dormant, resting, survival stage of protozoa.
cyst
130
requires ample food and moisture to remain active.
trophozoite
131
during encystment, what happens to the trophozoite?
it rounds up into a sphere, while the ectoplasm secretes a tough, thick cuticle around cell membrane.
132
stage of protozoa that is more resistant to heat, drying & chemical.
cyst
133
if moisture is present, what happens to protozoan cyst?
cyst breaks open and releases active trophozoite.
134
can be dispersed by air current which is an important factor in spread of disease.
cyst
135
how can the cyst and trophozoite form of protozoa be identified?
ova and parasite testing of patient stool sample
136
O&P testing combined with immunology-based test used for disease diagnosis in cases of?
giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis
137
parasitic protozoa that are pathogens causing?
malaria, giardiasis, african sleeping sickness, and amoebic dysentery
138
do all protozoa become a cyst?
no, some protozoa groups exist only in trophozoite state
139
how can trichomonas vaginalis be transmitted if it does not form a cyst?
intimate contact between sexual partners
140
how can cryptosporidium and giardia lamblia be transmitted if they form a cyst?
contaminated water or food
141
what type of reproduction method does protozoa use?
simple, asexual methods, usually mitosis
142
how does malaria and toxoplasmosis reproduce?
multiple fission or schizogony
143
how does sexual reproduction in ciliates occur?
conjugation
144
form of genetic exchange between two cells
wherein they exchange micronuclei giving rise to new & different genetic combination.
conjugation
145
classification of selected protozoa: (those that use flagella to move) how do they reproduce?
sexual reproduction by syngamy
146
division by longitudinal fission.
syngamy
147
classification of selected protozoa: (those that use flagella to move) what do they form and are they free-living or parasitic?
they form cyst and are free-living
148
includes Trichomonas vaginalis
(Trichomoniasis), Giardia lamblia
(Gardiasis), Trypanosoma cruzi (Changas
disease), Trypanosoma brucei (African
Sleeping Sickness)
uses flagella to move
149
classification of selected protozoa: (those that use flagella to move) how many nucleus do they possess?
single nucleus
150
those protozoa using amoeboid motion are primarily?
amoeba
151
what do those protozoa that use amoeboid motion to move use for locomotion?
pseudopods
152
those protozoa that use amoeboid motion to move, how do they reproduce?
asexual reproduction by fission
153
are most amoebas infectious and are they free-living
they are free-living and not infectious
154
protozoa that uses amoeboid motion that causes amoebiasis.
entamoeba histolytica
155
trophozoites are motile due to?
cilia
156
those protozoa that uses cilia to move mostly develop into?
cysts
157
what types of nuclei do protozoa that use cilia to move have?
macronuclei and micronuclei
158
how do those protozoa use cilia to move reproduce?
division by transverse fission
159
those protozoa using cilia to move are usually parasitic and harmful?
free-living and harmless
160
out of all the classification of selected protozoa, which is the most complex?
those protozoa that uses cilia to move
161
only ciliated protozoa causing disease in humans.
Balantidium coli
162
what does Balantidium coli cause in humans?
dysentery
163
examples of pond water ciliates
paramecium, stentor, and blepharisma
164
protozoa that have no motility are called?
sporozoa
165
protozoa that is not motile are?
parasitic
166
the most important sporozoan pathogen that causes malaria.
Plasmodium
167
sporozoa produce spores like cells of
_______ which also exhibit unique form of
gliding motility.
sporozoites
168
sporozoa produce spores like cells of
sporozoites which also exhibit unique form of
_____________.
gliding motility
169
Most sporozoan forms thick-walled zygotes
called?
oocysts
170
example of protozoa that is not motile.
Taxoplasma gondii (taxoplasmosis)
171
considerations in identifying protozoa.
shape and size of cell, type, number, and distribution of locomotor structures, presence of special organelles or cysts, and number of nuclei
172
how can protozoa be identified using cultivation?
blood, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, fecal, or vaginal specimens smeared on a slide w/ or w/o staining
173
study of protozoa and helminths.
parasitology
174
term most often used to denote protozoan
and helminth pathogens.
parasite
175
Trypanosoma brucei
African sleeping sickness
176
Trypanosoma cruzi
Chagas disease
177
both found in the blood during infection.
Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi
178
how are trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma cruzi transmitted?
blood-sucking vectors
179
Giardia lamblia
giardiasis (intestinal distress)
180
Trichomonas vaginalis
trichomoniasis (vaginal symptoms)
181
Leishmania donovani, L. tropica, L. brasiliensis
leishmaniasis (either skin lesions or widespread involvement of internal organs)
182
Cryptosporidium
cryptosporidiosis (intestinal and other symptoms)
183
Cyclospora cayetanensis
cyclosporiasis (intestinal and other symptoms)
184
Naegleria, Acanthamoeba
Brain infection
185
give three parasitic helminths.
tapeworms, flukes, roundworms
186
are parasitic helminths large?
usually large enough to be seen with the naked eye
187
roundworm size
more than 1 mm
188
longest tapeworm size
25m
189
parasitic helminths are considered microorganisms because?
microscope is needed to identify their eggs & larvae.
190
thin segmented body plan, dorsoventrally flattened.
flatworms (phylum platyhelminthes)
191
long, cylindrical, unsegmented body.
roundworms (phylum aschelminthes/nematodes)
192
2 major groups of parasitic helminths based on body type.
flatworms, roundworms
193
2 subdivisions of flatworms
cestodes/tapeworms, and trematodes/flukes
194
long, ribbon-like arrangement and dorsoventrally flattened.
cestodes/tapeworms
195
flat, oval bodies, leaf-shaped with ventral and oral sucker.
trematodes/flukes
196
are all flatworms and roundworms parasitic?
not all flatworms and roundworms are parasites by nature; many live free in soil
and water
197
most disease-causing helminths spend part of their lives in the?
gastrointestinal tract
198
cylindrical and tapered at each end.
nematodes/roundworms
199
have a complete digestive system consisting of a mouth, intestine and anus.
nematodes/roundworms
200
in nematodes, which is smaller: male or females?
male
201
what mating structure do nematodes/roundworms possess?
one or two hardened spicules on posterior ends
202
common causes of chronic infectious diseases.
intestinal roundworms (ascaris, hookworms, and whipworms)
203
are worms unicellular or multicellular?
unicellular with some organs and organ systems
204
what part is the most developed part in worms?
reproductive tract
205
what do most worms have for protection?
thick cuticles
206
structure of worms
primitive digestive, excretory, nervous, and muscular systems
207
reproduction is so dominant that the worms are reduced to little more than a series of flattened sacs filled with ovaries, testes, and eggs.
cestodes
208
what do worms use for breaking down the host's tissue?
mouth glands
209
complete life cycle of helminths.
fertilized egg (embryo), larval and adult stage
210
majority of helminths derive nutrients and reproduce _____ in the host's body.
sexually
211
sexes are separate & have different morphologies.
nematodes
212
sexes can either be separate or hermaphroditic.
trematodes
213
male and female sex organs in the same worm.
hermaphroditic
214
helminths that are generally hermaphroditic.
cestodes
215
three types of host in the general life cycle of helminths.
intermediate (secondary) host, definitive (final) host, and transport host
216
the host in which larval development occurs.
intermediate (secondary) host
217
host in which adulthood and mating occur.
definitive (final) host
218
is an intermediate host that experiences no
parasitic development but is an essential link in the completion of the cycle.
transport host
219
sources for human infection:
food, soil, water, and infected animals
220
routes of infection:
oral intake or penetration of unbroken skin
221
definitive hosts for many species and the sole biological reservoir for about half of the diseases.
humans
222
Intestinal nematodes that are infective in egg (embryo) stage.
Ascaris lumbricoides (ascariasis), and Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
223
Intestinal nematode infective in larval stage.
Trichinella spiralis (trichina worm)
224
Onchocerca volvulus
river blindness
225
Dracunculus medinensis
guinea worm
226
example of flatworm trematode
Schistosoma japonicum (blood fluke)
227
examples of flatworm cestodes
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), and Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm)
228
causes a very common infestation of the large intestine.
Enterobius vermicularis
229
size of Enterobius vermicularis
2 to 12 mm long
230
tapered, curved cylinder shape.
Enterobius vermicularis
231
what infection does Enterobius vermicularis cause?
enterobiasis
232
simple, uncomplicated infection that does not spread beyond the intestine.
enterobiasis
233
classifications of helminths.
shape, size, degree of development of organs, presence of hooks, suckers, other special structures, mode of reproduction, kinds of hosts, and appearance of eggs and larvae
234
how many helminths parasitize humans?
about 50 species
235
in what areas does helminths have a higher incidence?
tropical areas
236
estimated number of helminthic infections that occurred in north america.
50 million
237
absence of helminth infections may contribute to?
autoimmunity and allergy
238
are protozoa autotrophic or heterotrophic?
may either be both
