Eukaryotes Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
when did the first eukaryotic cells appear on earth?
A
2-3 billion years ago
2
Q
where did bacteria and eukaryotes evolve from?
A
a precursor called the last common ancestor.
3
Q
gave rise to bacteria, archaea, and eukarya separately.
A
last common ancestor
4
Q
are last common ancestors prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
A
neither
5
Q
where did the organelles from bacteria and eukaryotes originate from?
A
more primitive cells that became trapped in eukaryotic cells.
6
Q
a type of symbiosis in which one organism lives inside the body or the cells of another organism.
A
endosymbiosis
7
Q
theory that discusses how organelles arose in organisms and the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells.
A
endosymbiosis
8
Q
during endosymbiosis, where does the smaller bacterium get established inside the larger precursor cell?
A
cytoplasm
9
Q
what can smaller prokaryotic cells do for larger precursor cells that became their host?
A
utilize aerobic metabolism and increase energy availability for the host.
10
Q
what part of the larger precursor cell turned into the ancestral eukaryotic cell develops into an endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope?
A
extensive membrane pouches
11
Q
what bacteria is engulfed in ancestral eukaryotic cells to form chloroplasts?
A
photosynthetic bacteria such as cyanobacteria
12
Q
what are the first primitive eukaryotes?
A
single-celled and independent
13
Q
how does multicellular organisms evolve from a colony?
A
cells became specialized to perform a particular function in a colony, but they evolved when they lost their ability to survive apart from the colony.
14
Q
eukaryotic organism that is always unicellular.
A
protozoa
15
Q
eukaryotic organism that may be unicellular or multicellular.
A
fungi and algae
16
Q
eukaryotic organism that is always multicellular.
A
helminths
17
Q
what type of cell do eggs of helminths or larval forms possess?
A
unicellular
18
Q
features of eukaryotic cells found in all eukaryotes.
A
cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, er, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, and glycocalyx
19
Q
structures found in some eukaryotic cells.
A
cell wall, locomotor appendages, and chloroplasts
20
Q
are eukaryotic flagella thinner than bacterial flagella?
A
no, they are 10x thicker
21
Q
which is more complex, eukaryotic or bacterial flagella?
A
eukaryotic
22
Q
which is covered by an extension of the cell membrane, eukaryotic or bacterial flagella?
A
eukaryotic
23
Q
arrangement of eukaryotic flagella.
A
long, sheathed cylinder containing regularly spaced hollow microtubules (9+2 arrangement)
24
Q
similar in overall structure to flagella.
A
cilia
25
is cilia longer and scarce?
shorter and more numerous -- up to several thousand in some cells.
26
where is cilia found?
found only in a single group of protozoa and certain animal cells.
27
functions as feeding and filtering structures on some cells.
cilia
28
what two strokes does the cilia produce?
power stroke and recovery stroke
29
the cilium moves in a coordinated, whip-like motion.
power stroke
30
the cilium returns to its original position in preparation for the next power stroke.
recovery stroke
31
an outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with the environment.
glycocalyx
32
also called an extracellular matrix.
glycocalyx
33
the glycocalyx is composed of?
polysaccharides
34
function of the glycocalyx
for protection and adherence
35
glycocalyx appearance
network of fibers, slime layer, and capsule
36
fungi have thick rigid cell wall (t/f).
true
37
what lacks cell walls?
protozoa and all animal cells
38
cell wall is found in?
fungi and algae
39
which is more rigid, bacterial or fungal/algal cell wall?
fungal
40
provide structural support and shape.
cell wall
41
fungal cell wall is composed of a thick inner layer of polysaccharide fiber made of?
chitin
42
algal cell wall is composed of?
cellulose
43
what composes of the cell wall in fungi?
chitin, glycoprotein, and mixed glycans
44
is the cell wall between the cell membrane and glycocalyx or after the glycocalyx?
between
45
typical bilayer phospholipids embedded with protein molecules.
cytoplasmic membrane
46
cytoplasmic membrane typically contains?
sterols
47
function of sterols
stabilize eukaryotic membranes
48
stabilize eukaryotic membranes.
sterols
49
selectively permeable barrier
cytoplasmic membrane
50
sophisticated mechanisms for transporting nutrients in and waste and other products out.
cytoplasmic membrane
51
how many layers are there in the cell membrane?
2
52
the heads of the phospholipids of the cell membrane is?
hydrophilic
53
the tails of the phospholipids of the cell membrane is?
hydrophobic
54
the cell membrane is made of two layers of?
phospholipids
55
compact sphere, most prominent organelle.
nucleus
56
control center
nucleus
57
the nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the?
nuclear envelope
58
why does nucleolus stain more intensely?
due to its rna content
59
site for ribosomal rna synthesis.
nucleolus
60
material of eukaryotic chromosomes.
chromatin
61
long, linear dna molecules bound to histones.
chromatin
62
units of genetic information in the cell.
chromatin
63
production of sex cells.
meiosis
64
visible during mitosis
chromosomes
65
5 phases of mitosis
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
66
microscopic series of tunnels used in transport and storage.
endoplasmic reticulum
67
ribosomes attached to its surface.
rough er
68
proteins held for packaging and transport.
rough er
69
er that does not contain ribosomes.
smooth er
70
synthesis and storage of nonprotein molecules.
smooth er
71
site of protein modification and transport.
golgi apparatus
72
consists of a stack of flattened, disc-shaped sacs.
golgi apparatus
73
close to the golgi apparatus, the er forms _ that are picked up by the Golgi apparatus.
transitional vesicles
74
what does the golgi apparatus add to proteins?
polysaccharides and lipids
75
where does the golgi apparatus add the molecules to the proteins?
transitional vesicles
76
where does golgi apparatus pinch the added molecules to the protein?
condensing vesicles
77
where do golgi apparatus convey the condensing vesicles after pinching?
lysosomes or transported as secretory vesicles
78
genetic information originates from the?
nucleus
79
nature's assembly line (3).
nucleus, er, and golgi apparatus
80
synthesizes proteins
ribosomes
81
where are proteins deposited after synthesizing it from the ribosomes?
rough er
82
where are proteins packaged into vesicles?
golgi apparatus
83
vesicles that transport proteins from the er to the golgi apparatus.
transitional vesicles
84
primarily responsible for packaging mature, fully processed proteins into secretory vesicles for export from the golgi.
condensing vesicles
85
golgi apparatus face that is the closest to the er.
cis face
86
golgi apparatus face that is the farthest to the er.
trans face
87
originate from the golgi apparatus and contain a variety of enzymes.
lysosomes
88
involved in intracellular digestion of food and protection against invading microorganisms.
lysosomes
89
membrane-bound sacs
vacuoles
90
contain fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored.
vacuoles
91
energy generators of the cell.
mitochondria
92
supply the bulk of the energy of a cell.
mitochondria
93
folds on the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
cristae
94
hold the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration.
cristae
95
structure in mitochondria that holds ribosomes, dna, and enzymes and other compounds used in metabolism.
matrix
96
does mitochondria divide dependently of the cell?
divide independently of the cell.
97
what type of strands of dna does the mitochondria contain?
circular strands
98
size of mitochondria in eukaryotes
70s, similar to the sizes of bacteria which provide evidence that mitochondria were cells engulfed by other cells and became organelles.
99
capable of converting the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
chloroplasts
100
photosynthesis machines
chloroplasts
101
primary producers of all organic nutrients, including oxygen gas.
chloroplasts
102
protein synthesizers
ribosomes
103
where can ribosomes be found?
cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, rough er, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
104
short chains of ribosomes.
polyribosomes
105
full size of eukaryotic ribosomes.
80s
106
eukaryotic ribosomes are similar to bacterial ribosomes in structure.
large and small subunits of ribonucleoprotein.
107
anchor organelles.
cytoskeleton
108
move rna and vesicles.
cytoskeleton
109
permit shape changes and movement.
cytoskeleton
110
three main types of filaments
actin, intermediate, and microtubules
111
long, thin protein strands, responsible for cellular movement.
actin filaments
112
ropelike, structural reinforcement of cell.
intermediate filaments
113
hollow tubes that maintain shape of eukaryotic cell when they don’t have cell wall.
microtubules
114
substitute of eukaryotic cells that does not have cell walls.
microtubules
115
viruses have _ as a substitute to cell wall.
capsids
116
what structure does viruses contain?
nucleic acids
117
study of fungi.
mycology
118
the person who studies fungi.
mycologist
119
classify whether microscopic or macroscopic fungi: mushrooms
macroscopic
120
classify whether microscopic or macroscopic fungi: puffballs
macroscopic
121
classify whether microscopic or macroscopic fungi: gill fungi
macroscopic
122
classify whether microscopic or macroscopic fungi: molds
microscopic
123
classify whether microscopic or macroscopic fungi: yeasts
microscopic
124
majority of fungi are either unicellular or?
colonial
125
multicellular or unicellular: mushrooms
multicellular
126
multicellular or unicellular: puffballs
multicellular
127
multicellular or unicellular: yeast
unicellular
128
multicellular or unicellular: mold
multicellular
129
yeast cell shape
round to oval
130
type of reproduction yeast cell uses?
asexual reproduction
131
yeast cell grows swelling on its surface called?
buds
132
are buds on yeast cell dependent on the cell for their entire life?
they become separate cells
133
long, thread-like cells found in filamentous fungi or molds.
hyphae
134
intertwine to form a mass called mycelium or thallus
hyphae
135
hyphae intertwine to form a mass called?
mycelium or thallus
136
chains of yeast.
pseudohyphae
137
fungi can take either form of yeast cell or hyphae.
dimorphic
138
most noticeable among pathogenic species.
dimorphic
139
yeastlike cells are dependent on the temperature of?
37C
140
moldlike cells are dependent on the temperature of?
25C
141
acquire nutrients from a wide variety of substrates.
heterotrophic
142
obtain substrates from dead plants and animals.
saprobes
143
live on the bodies of living animals or plants.
parasites
144
garbage disposers of nature.
saprophytic fungi
145
vultures of microbial world.
saprophytic fungi
146
main source of food is dead & decaying matter.
saprophytic fungi
147
by secreting digestive enzyme into dead plants/animal matter, they decompose this material into absorbable nutrients.
saprophytic fungi
148
what do saprophytic fungi secrete to decompose dead matter into absorbable nutrients?
digestive enzymes
149
all saprophytes are decomposers but not all decomposers are saprophytes.
true
150
found in nutritionally poor or adverse environment.
fungi
151
thrive in substrates with high salt or sugar content, high temperature & even in snow & glacier.
fungi
152
where do fungi thrive in specific substrates?
high salt or sugar content
153
The medical and agricultural impact of fungi is extensive.
true
154
do fungi have cell wall?
yes
155
are fungi plants?
no
156
what type of polysaccharide does fungal cell walls contain?
chitin
157
are fungi photosynthetic and have chlorophyll?
no
158
most fungi are unicellular or multicellular?
unicellular
159
unicellular or multicellular: yeast and microsporidia.
unicellular
160
how do most microscopic fungi grow?
in loose associations or colonies
161
the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold.
mycelium
162
cross walls dividing hyphae into segments.
septa
163
varies from solid partitions with no communications between compartments to partial walls with small pores that allow flow of organelles & nutrients between adjacent compartments.
septated hyphae
164
consist of 1 long, continuous cell not divided into individual compartments by cross walls. Cytoplasm & organelles are freely
moving.
non-septated/aseptate hyphae
165
fungal reproductive bodies.
spores
166
functional type of hyphae: responsible for visible mass of growth that appears in the surface of substrate & penetrates it to digest & absorb nutrients.
vegetative (mycelia)
167
vegetative (mycelia) hyphae has special anchoring structures called?
rhizoids
168
responsible for the production of fungal reproductive bodies called spores.
reproductive/fertile hyphae
169
separated piece of mycelium can generate a whole new colony.
fragmentation
170
primary reproductive mode.
spore formation
171
formed by successive cleavages within a sporangium attached to a stalk called sporangiophore.
sporangiospores
172
where does sporangiospores occur?
sporangium
173
what do sporangiospores form?
successive cleavages
174
what do sporangiospores form?
successive cleavages attached to a stalk called sporangiophore.
175
free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac.
conidiospores/conidia
176
developed either by pinching off the tip of fertile hyphae or by segmentation of pre-existing vegetative hypha.
conidiospores/conidia
177
how are conidiospores formed?
either by pinching off the tip of fertile hyphae or by segmentation of pre-existing vegetative hypha.
178
are conidiospores unicellular or multicellular?
either
179
how are conidia produced at the end of conidiospore?
chain
180
conidiospores/conidia are produced by?
penicillium and aspergillus
181
results from sexual reproduction, fusion of 2 gametes.
sexual spores
182
fusion of 2 gametes.
sexual reproduction
183
3 phases of sexual spore formation.
plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis
184
phase of sexual spore formation: haploid nucleus of a donor cell penetrates the cytoplasm of a recipient cell.
plasmogamy
185
what type of nucleus penetrate the recipient cell during plasmogamy?
haploid
186
phase of sexual spore formation: the donor and recipient cell fuse to form diploid zygote nucleus.
karyogamy
187
phase of sexual spore formation: diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei (sexual spores), some of which maybe genetic recombinants.
meiosis
188
2 lower fungi
zygomycotina and chytridiomycotina
189
conjunction fungi- saprophytic molds that have coenocytic hyphae
(aseptate).
zygomycotina
190
include the common bread molds and other fungi that cause food spoilage.
zygomycotina
191
sexual spores of zygomycotina are called?
zygospores
192
are not considered to be true fungi by some taxonomists, live in water (“water molds”) and soil.
chytridiomycotina
193
2 higher fungi
ascomycotina and basidiomycotina
194
sac fungi which include molds with septate hyphae, some yeast and some fungi that cause plant diseases (e.g., dutch elm disease).
ascomycotina
195
what saclike structures do ascomycotina forms?
ascospore or ascus
196
club fungi, process septate hyphae.
basidiomycotina
197
where do basidiospores form?
externally on the base pedestal of basidiomycotina called basidium.
198
include some yeasts, some fungi that cause plant diseases, and the large “fleshy fungi” that live in the woods (e.g., mushrooms, toadstools, bracket fungi, puffballs).
basidiomycotina
