Alimentary System Flashcards by Kimberlee Ward

Normal oral and gastric mucosa should be….

Smooth and shiny

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Why are feces considered a window into the health of the alimentary system?

The quality and quantity is often an early indicator of alimentary dysfunction as is regurgitation and vomiting

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Portals of entry of pathogenic agents

Ingestion
Coughed up by the lungs and swallowed
Systemic hematogenous route
Migration through the body (parasites)

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Defense mechanisms of the alimentary system

Saliva 
Resident flora and fauna 
Gastric pH
Secreting immunoglobulins
Vomiting
Intestinal proteolytic enzymes 
Phagocytes and other effector cells within the mucosa/submucosa 
High rate of epithelial turnover 
Increased peristalsis resulting in diarrhea

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Palatoschisis

Cleft palate

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Cheiloschisis

Cleft lip

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Malocclusions

Failure of the upper and lower incisors to interdigitate properly resulting in problems with mastication and pretension

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Brachygnathia

Shortening of the lower jaw

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Prognathia

Protrusion of the lower jaw

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Dental attrition

Loss of tooth structure cause by mastication

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“Step mouth”

Abnormal wearing of the teeth in herbivores

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Dental calculus

Tartar –> mineralized dental plaque

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What is the primary disease of the tongue?

Actinobacillosis “Wooden tongue”- actinobacillus lignieresii causing chronic stomatitis

Seen in cattle and occasionally swine and sheep

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What is thrush and what causes it?

Candidiasis

Seen in young animals treated with antibiotics for long periods of time or with underlying diseases

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What lesion is seen with cats with chronic kidney failure?

Uremic glossitis

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What is the Pathogenesis of uremic glossitis in cats with chronic kidney failure?

Increased BUN in the blood and in the oral cavity leading to ammonia using bacteria causing ulcers

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Etiology of Stomatitis?

Infectious agents
Trauma
Chemical injury
Auto immune 
Idiopathic

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Ptyalism

Hyper salivation

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Pathogenesis of viral vesicular stomatitides

Viral-induced epithelial damage –> intracellular edema in keratinocytes (ballooning and degeneration) –> vesicles –> bullae –> rupture leads to erosion and ulceration

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Etiology of Vesicular glossitis in a cat?

Feline calicivirus

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What species is Foot and Mouth disease found in?

Ruminants and pigs - NOT HORSES!!

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What species is vesicular stomatitis affect?

Ruminants, pigs, and horses

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What species does vesicular exanthema affect?

Swine

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What species does Swine vesicular disease affect?

Only pigs

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What are the clinical signs of FMD?

Ptyalism and lameness

What disease causes "Tiger heart" in young animals?

Foot and mouth disease

What disease cause erosive ulcerative stomatitides in cattle?

BVD and Malignant Catarrhal fever

What disease cause Papular stomatitides?

Parapoxvirus

What disease causes pustular dermatitis of the lips and udder in sheep and goats?

Contagious ecchymosis, Orf , or sore mouth

Where does contagious ecthyma develop?

Areas prone to trauma - lips, mammary glands and coronary bands

What bacteria causes necrotizing stomatitis (oral necrobacillosis) in calves?

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Epulis

Tumors of the periodontal ligament type stroma

Is oral melanomas in dogs benign or malignant?

Malignant

What causes congenital megaesophagus?

Persistent right aortic arch

What causes acquired megaesophagus?

Idiopathic or Myasthenia gravis

What causes chronic granulomatous esophagitis in dogs?

Spirocerca lupi

What is ruminal tympany or bloat?

Over distinction of the rumen and reticulum due to gas produced during fermentation

What is the primary cause of ruminal tympany?

A new diet that promotes the formation of stable foam

What is the secondary cause of ruminal tympany?

Physical or functional obstruction of the esophagus resulting in failure to eructate (e.g. Vagus indigestion, esophageal papillomas, lymphosarcoma

What is the most reliable post mortem indicator of ante mortem bloat?

"bloat line"

What results from grain overload?

Chemical rumenitis

What does chemical rumenitis result from?

Grain overload or lactic acidosis

What are "stellate ulcers"?

Ruminal scars resulting from fibrosis from ulcers from chemical rumenitis

Which abomasal displacement is non fatal and results in partial obstruction of abomasal flow?

Left sided Abomasal displacement

When does abomasal displacement normally take place?

After parturition

What are most gastric ruptures due to in horses?

Intestinal obstruction

How can you avoid gastric ulcers in pigs?

Reduce feeding finely ground feeds and wheat

What results in gastric ulcers in horses?

The use of NSAIDs

Which part of the horse stomach is most affected by gastric ulcers?

Nonglandular

Pathogenesis for gastric ulceration:

Increased NSAIDs and steroid use Increased histamine levels associated with mast cell tumors or mastocytosis Gastric secreting pancreatic islet cell tumors or gastrinomas

What bacteria is responsible for gastric ulceration and gastric polyps in dogs?

Helicobacter pyloris

What are the possible etiologic diagnosis for gastric venous infarction in all species?

Bacterial : salmonella and E. Coli

What are the possible etiologic diagnosis for gastric venous infarction in pigs?

Erysipelothrix rusiopathiae, Brachspira hyodysenteria, Glassers disease

What causes abomasitis (Braxy) in lambs?

Clostridium septicum

What causes Mycotic abomasitis in goats?

Long term use of antibiotics that kill of the natural flora and promote the grower of Angio-invasive fungi such as Aspergillus

What is the most common neoplasia in the stomach of a horse?

Gastric squamous cell carcinoma

What is the most common segmental anomaly of the intestine of domestic animals?

Atresia coli

What is atresia coli?

Segmental anomaly in the intestine that ranges from stenosis (incomplete occlusion of the intestinal lumen) to atresia (complete occlusion of the intestinal lumen)

Stenosis

Narrowing of the duct Or organ

Atresia ani

Imperforate anus

What is Lethal White syndrome in foals?

Congenital colonic aganglionosis- The nerves in the G.I. tract are affected and do not cause peristalsis which is not compatible with life

Aganglionosis

The ganglia are not formed causing incomplete nerve conduction

Enterolith

Composed of concentric Lamellae of magnesium, ammonium phosphate deposit around a "nucleus" or foreign body

Trichobezoar

Hairball

Phytobezoar or phytotrichobezoar

Composed mainly of plant material impregnated by some phosphate salts

Hernia

The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ/tissue through an abnormal opening

Internal hernia

Displacement of intestine through a normal or abnormal foramina within the abdominal cavity

External hernia

Displacement of the loops of intestine, omentum and occasionally other viscera outside of the abdominal cavity. Displayed contents are inside the pouch formed by the peritoneum in the skin which protrudes through the hernial ring

What is a diaphragmatic hernia?

Hernia of the diaphragm where intestines protrude into the thoracic cavity

Intussuscipiens

External intestine of the intussusception

Intussusceptum

The internal intestine of the intussusception

Volvulus

Twisting of the intestine on it's mesenteric axis

Torsion

rotation of the tubular organ along its long axis

Enteritis

Inflammation of the small intestine

Typhlitis

Inflammation of the cecum

Typhocolitis

Inflammation of the cecum and colon

Colitis

Inflammation of the colon

Proctitis

Inflammation of the anus

What virus has an affinity for peyers patches?

BVD

What virus causes a fibronecrotizing vasculitis?

Malignant Catarrhal Fever

Catarrhal

Mild type of inflammation that attacks the surface epithelium and causes fever with thick gelatinous fluid containing mucus and mucins from a mucous membrane

What disease causes severe Villus atrophy (blunting) and fusion in young piglets?

Transmissible gastro-enteritis

What three diseases are common causes of neonatal diarrhea in calves?

Corona virus, Rotavirus, and Cryptosporidium

What disease causes diarrhea in young animals of any species and damage to the surface enterocytes resulting in variable degrees of villous atrophy?

Rotavirus

What a virus causes FIP in cats?

Coronavirus

Clinical signs: Focal bilateral symmetrical encephalomalacia, edema of the face and intestines in pigs - what is the bacteria?

Verotoxigenic E. Coli

Clinical signs: focal bilaterally symmetrical encephalomalacia in lambs - what is the bacteria?

Clostridium perfringens Type D

What bacteria causes clostridial enterotoxemia?

Clostridium perfringens type A through E

Dysbacteriosis

Disruption of the normal intestinal flora

What bacteria causes Tyzzers disease?

Clostridium piliforme

What causes Colitis X in horses?

Typhlocolitis of horses resulting from Dysbacteriosis leading to proliferation of toxigenic clostridia especially clostridium perfringens type A and clostridium difficile

What causes a cerebroid proliferative ileitis in pigs?

Lawsonia intracellularis

Clinical signs: large bowel diarrhea with mucous and blood in the feces in pigs - what is the bacteria?

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

Associated with suppurations pyogranulomatous pneumonia in foals and ulcerative and pyogranulomatous enteric lesions with prominent regional lymphadenitis in foals?

Rhodococcus equi

Clinical signs: diarrhea, emaciation, and hypoproteinemia in older dairy cattle- causative agent?

Mycobacterium avium ssp. Paratuberculosis

What species are intestinal tumors most common in?

Dogs and cats

What are most primary tumors of the alimentary tract?

Carcinomas