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1
Q

3 main differences between DNA & RNA

A

DNA- thymine
RNA- uracil

DNA-deoxyribose
RNA- ribose

DNA- double helix
RNA- single twisted strand

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2
Q

Who is Gregor Mendel?

A

An Austrian monk who found the basic rules of inheritance through a series of expirements

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3
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Non living physical or chemical condition in an environment

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4
Q

evolution

A

a change in gene frequency over time

change of organisms over time

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5
Q

4 nitrogenous bases in RNA

A
  • uracil
  • adenine
  • guanine
  • cytosine
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6
Q

Trait

A

A variation of a particular genetic or characteristic

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7
Q

Biotic factors

A

Any living part of an environment

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8
Q

adaptation

A

trait shaped by natural selection that increases an organism’s reproductive success in a particular environment

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9
Q

What are the complements of nucleic bases in RNA?

A
  • adenine & uracil

- guanine & cytosine

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10
Q

Blending hypothesis

A

Hypothesis in 1800’s explaining how offspring inherited traits from both parents

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11
Q

Ecology

A

Scientific study of the interactions among organisms and their environments

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12
Q

descent with modification

A

identified hat species on earth today descended from ancestral species

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13
Q

what happens during transcription?

A

DNA is turned into RNA

- mRNA is created (like DNA replication, but with only one strand & with uracil instead of thymine)

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14
Q

Genetics

A

The study of heredity

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15
Q

What are the 5 levels of relationships among biotic and abiotic factors?

A
  • individual organisms
  • populations
  • communities
  • ecosystem
  • biosphere
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16
Q

natural selection

A

“survival of the fittest”
process where individuals that are best fit for their environment survive to reproduce
(the change in groups of organisms through time)

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17
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

In the nucleus

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18
Q

What did Mendel do for his work?

A

He bread pea plants and studied inheritance patterns for 7 years

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19
Q

population

A

group of individuals of the same species living in a particular area at the same time

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20
Q

how old is the earth

A

4.5 billion years old

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21
Q

translation

A

changing RNA to amino acids to make proteins

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22
Q

Mendel’s hypothesis

A

Parents pass off separate and distinct “factors” to their offspring

(Factors are known as genes now)

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23
Q

community

A

all the organisms living in an area

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24
Q

4 basics of natural selection

A
  • individuals show a variety of genes
  • variations pass from parent to offspring
  • more offspring are produced than the environment can support
  • variations that increase reproductive success will be more likely to be passed on
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25
reactants and products of translation
reactant- mRNA | product- amino acids (proteins)
26
Cross fertilization
The name of the process Mendel used to cross two true breeding plants with two contrasting traits
27
ecosystem
community of living things plus the nonliving features of the environment that support them
28
darwin
collected specimens and observed finches to develop two main points- descent with modification & natural selection
29
where does translation occur
in ribosomes which are in the cytoplasm
30
Alleles
Alternate forms of genes
31
biosphere
all the parts of the planet that are inhabited by living things; sum of all Earth's ecosystems
32
artificial selection
the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with genetic traits that human value (Ex.dogs)
33
3 parts of a nucleotide in RNA
- ribose sugar - nitrogenous base - phosphate
34
Dominant allele
An allele in a heterozygous individual that appears to affect the trait
35
microclimate
climate in a specific area that varies from the surrounding climate region
36
fossil record
chronological collection of life's remains in the rock layer (old on bottom, new on top)
37
3 types of RNA
- messenger RNA (mRNA) - ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - transfer RNA (tRNA)
38
Recessive allele
A allele in a heterozygous individual that appears to not affect the trait
39
Uneven Heating of Earth's Surface
regions on Earth's surface farther from the equator absorb less heat and generally experience cooler temperatures than regions closer to the equator
40
three parts of comparative anatomy
- homologous structures - analogous structures - vestigial structures
41
codon
in RNA, a three-base "word" that codes for one amino acid
42
Homozygous
An individual that has two alleles for a character that is the same
43
biome
major type of terrestrial ecosystem that covers a large region of Earth
44
homologous structures
similar structures inherited by a common ancestor | Ex. arms/ wings
45
what kind of RNA makes up codons
rRNA
46
Heterozygous
An individual that have two alleles for a character that are different
47
photic zones
regions of a body of water where light penetrates, enabling photosynthesis
48
analogous structures
structures used for the same purpose and have similar features but aren't inherited from the same ancestor (Ex. wings- needed to fly but evolved separately)
49
3 stop codons
UAA-UAG-UGA | to stop the ribosome from continuing the sequence and messing up the protein being made
50
Mendel's principle of segregation
The two alleles for a character segregate (separate) during the formation of gametes (sex cells), so that each gamete carries only one allele for each character.
51
aphotic zone
deep areas of a body of water where light levels are too low to support photosynthesis
52
vestigial structures
structures that are reduced forms of functional structures in organisms (things that don't really work anymore) (Ex. human appendix)
53
start codon
AUG | used to signal where a new amino acid sequence should start
54
Mendel's Principle of Independent Assortment
during gamete formation in an F2 cross, a particular allele for one character can be paired with either allele of another character. gametes are sorted independently
55
population density
number of individuals of a particular species per unit area or volume
56
bottleneck
when a population declines to a very low number
57
anticodons
a triplet of bases that is complementary to the codon in mRNA
58
monohybrid cross
mating of two organisms that differ in only one character
59
exponential growth
growth of a population that multiplies by a constant factor at constant time intervals
60
founders effect
small amount of organisms from a population become isolated from other populations. those traits are passed along which can lead to a change in frequency
61
what type of RNA makes up anticodon
tRNA
62
dihybrid cross
mating of two organisms that differ in two characters
63
carrying capacity
number of organisms in a population that an environment can maintain
64
genetic drift
any change in the allele frequencies in a population that is due to chance
65
what is the purpose of the genetic code table?
to "translate" what amino acids that codons code for
66
hybrid
offspring of two different true-breeding varieties
67
density-dependent factor
factor that limits a population more as population density increases
68
types of genetic drift
founders effect and bottleneck
69
mRNA
messenger RNA - the primary sequence of bases after transcription - carries the codons out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm
70
Punnett square
diagram showing the probabilities of the possible outcomes of a genetic cross
71
density-independent factor
factor unrelated to population density that limits a population
72
reproductive isolation
prevents gene flow among populations

bio- semester 2 final (6 decks)

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