unit 6- classical genetics (10&12)

Question 1

Who is Gregor Mendel?

Answer 1

An Austrian monk who found the basic rules of inheritance through a series of expirements

Question 2

Trait

Answer 2

A variation of a particular genetic or characteristic

Question 3

Blending hypothesis

Answer 3

Hypothesis in 1800’s explaining how offspring inherited traits from both parents

Question 4

Genetics

Answer 4

The study of heredity

Question 5

What did Mendel do for his work?

Answer 5

He bread pea plants and studied inheritance patterns for 7 years

Question 6

Mendel’s hypothesis

Answer 6

Parents pass off separate and distinct “factors” to their offspring

(Factors are known as genes now)

Question 7

Cross fertilization

Answer 7

The name of the process Mendel used to cross two true breeding plants with two contrasting traits

Question 8

Alleles

Answer 8

Alternate forms of genes

Question 9

Dominant allele

Answer 9

An allele in a heterozygous individual that appears to affect the trait

Question 10

Recessive allele

Answer 10

A allele in a heterozygous individual that appears to not affect the trait

Question 11

Homozygous

Answer 11

An individual that has two alleles for a character that is the same

Question 12

Heterozygous

Answer 12

An individual that have two alleles for a character that are different

Question 13

Mendel’s principle of segregation

Answer 13

The two alleles for a character segregate (separate) during the formation of gametes (sex cells), so that each gamete carries only one allele for each character.

Question 14

Mendel’s Principle of Independent Assortment

Answer 14

during gamete formation in an F2 cross, a particular allele for one character can be paired with either allele of another character.

gametes are sorted independently

Question 15

monohybrid cross

Answer 15

mating of two organisms that differ in only one character

Question 16

dihybrid cross

Answer 16

mating of two organisms that differ in two characters

Question 17

hybrid

Answer 17

offspring of two different true-breeding varieties

Question 18

Punnett square

Answer 18

diagram showing the probabilities of the possible outcomes of a genetic cross

Question 19

phenotype

Answer 19

observable traits of an organism

Question 20

genotype

Answer 20

genetic makeup of an organism; an organism’s combination of alleles

Question 21

testcross

Answer 21

mating of an individual of unknown genotype but dominant phenotype with a homozygous recessive individual

Question 22

intermediate inheritance

Answer 22

inheritance in which heterozygotes have a phenotype intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes
(blue chicken)

Question 23

codominance

Answer 23

inheritance pattern in which a heterozygote expresses the distinct traits of both alleles
(blood type)

Question 24

polygenic inheritance

Answer 24

combined effect of two or more genes on a single character

height, hair color, &more

Question 25

environmental influences

Answer 25

Phenotype changes due to environment but the genotype can never change due to environment.

Question 26

chromosome theory of inheritance

Answer 26

generalization that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization accounts for inheritance pattern

Question 27

genetic linkage

Answer 27

tendency for alleles of genes on the same chromosome to be inherited together the closer the genes are, the greater the genetic linkage

Question 28

sex-linked gene

Answer 28

gene located on a sex chromosome

Question 29

Sex-linked Disorder

Answer 29

mostly in men because the trait is reccessive and men only need one of the traits to receive the disorder (more common on Xchromosome because it is bigger than the Y chromosome)

Question 30

genome

Answer 30

complete set of an organism's genetic material

Question 31

The Human Genome Project

Answer 31

completely sequencing the human genome | (from 1990-2000)

Question 32

nondisjunction

Answer 32

event during meiosis in which homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate

Question 33

trisomy 21

Answer 33

condition in which an individual has three number 21 chromosomes, resulting in Down syndrome

Question 34

duplication

Answer 34

change to a chromosome in which part of the chromosome is repeated

Question 35

deletion

Answer 35

change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is removed

Question 36

inversion

Answer 36

change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the original chromosome is reversed

Question 37

translocation

Answer 37

change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome

Question 38

pedigree

Answer 38

family tree that records and traces the occurrence of a trait in a family

Question 39

oncogene

Answer 39

cancer-causing gene

Question 40

inherited cancer

Answer 40

mutated version of a tumor-suppressor gene

Question 41

transposon

Answer 41

genetic element that moves from one location to another in a genome