All cards in order

Question 1

Hydration

Answer 1

Alkene or alkyne + H2 ->(with metal catalyst) alkane or alkene
CH2CH2 + H2 ->(Pt) CH3CH3

Question 2

Halogenation

Answer 2

Alkene or alkyne + Halogen -> haloalkane or haloalkene
CH2CH2 + Cl2 -> CH2ClCH2Cl

Question 3

Hydrohalogenation

Answer 3

Alkene + Hydrohalide -> haloalkane
if the carbon chain is asymmetrical then the hydrogen will attach to the carbon with the most hydrogens already attached
CH2CH2 + HCl -> CH3CH(Cl)CH3

Question 4

Hydration

Answer 4

Alkene + Water ->(high temperature, pressure and strong acid catalyst) Alcohol
CH2CH2 + H2O ->(high temp, pressure, strong acid) CH3CH2OH

Question 5

Polymerisation

Answer 5

alkene/haloalkene ->(heat and pressure) poly(alkene)
CH2CH2 ->(heat and high pressure) -[CH2CH2]-

Question 6

Elimination

Answer 6

Haloalkane + NaOH or KOH ->(Heat) Alkene + Salt + Water
CH3CH(Br)CHCH3 + NaOH ->(heat) CH2CHCH3 + NaBr + H20

Question 7

Oxidation of primary alcohol

Answer 7

Primary Alcohol ->(K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, >50 degrees) Aldehyde ->(K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, >50 degrees) Carboxylic acid
CH3CH2CH2OH ->(K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, >50 degrees) CH3CH2CH=O ->(K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, >50 degrees) CH3CH2COOH

Question 8

Oxidation of secondary alcohol

Answer 8

Secondary Alcohol ->(K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, >70 degrees) Ketone
CH3CH(O)CH3 ->(K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, >70 degrees) CH3COCH3

Question 9

Reduction of Alkenes

Answer 9

Alkene + H2 ->(metal catalyst and extreme heat) alkane

Question 10

Reduction of nitriles

Answer 10

Nitrile ->(LiAlH4 and water) primary amine

Question 11

Esterification

Answer 11

Carboxylic acid + Alcohol <->(heat + mineral acid) Ester + Water
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH <->(heat + mineral acid) CH3C(O)OCH2CH3 + H2O

Question 12

Amide synthesis

Answer 12

Carboxylic acid + Amine ->(heat) Amide + Water

Question 13

Substitution of alkanes

Answer 13

Alkane + Halogen gas ->(UV light) Haloalkane + hydrohalide
CH3CH3 + Cl2 ->(UV light) CH3CH2Cl + HCl

Question 14

Substitution of haloalkanes with KCN (potassium cyanide)

Answer 14

Haloalkane + KCN ->(heat and ethanol) Nitrile
CH3CH2CH2Cl + KCN ->(heat and ethanol) CH3CH2CH2CN

Question 15

Substitution of haloalkanes with NaOH (sodium hydroxide)

Answer 15

Haloalkane + NaOH ->(heat) Alcohol + salt
CH3CH(Br)CH3 + NaOH ->(heat) CH3CH(OH)CH3 + NaBr

Question 16

Substitution of haloalkanes with halogens

Answer 16

Haloalkane + NaI ->(ethanol and stir) Haloalkane(iodine) + salt(Na+halogen)

Question 17

Substitution of haloalkanes with NH3 (ammonia)

Answer 17

Haloalkane + 2NH3 ->(ethanol, sealed and heat) amine + ammonium(halogen)
CH3CH2Br + 2NH3 ->(ethanol, sealed and heat) CH3CH2NH2 + NH4Br

Question 18

CH3CH3
Single bonded only hydrocarbon chain

Answer 18

Alkane

Question 19

CH2CH2
Hydrocarbon chain with one or more double bond

Answer 19

Alkene

Question 20

CH3CCH
Hydrocarbon chain with one or more triple bond

Answer 20

Alkyne

Question 21

R-OH
CH3CH2OH

Answer 21

Alcohol
suffix: -ol

Question 22

RCHO
CH3CH2CHO

Answer 22

Aldehyde
suffix: -al

Question 23

RCOR
CH3C(O)CH3

Answer 23

Ketone
suffix: -one

Question 24

R−COOH
CH3CH2COOH

Answer 24

Carboxylic Acid
suffix: -oic acid

Question 25

RX CH3CH2Br

Answer 25

Haloalkanes Prefix: bromo, chloro, flouro, iodo

Question 26

RCOOR CH3COOCH2CH3

Answer 26

Ester Naming: alcohol with yl suffix followed by carboxylic acid with -oate suffix

Question 27

RCN CH3CH2CN

Answer 27

Nitrile suffix: -nitrile

Question 28

RNH2 CH3CH2NH2

Answer 28

Amine suffix: -amine

Question 29

RONH2 CH3CONH2

Answer 29

Amide suffix: -amide

Question 30

What are the three types of sugars

Answer 30

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

Question 31

Whats the difference between alpha and beta glucose

Answer 31

ALPHA: the hydroxyl group attached to carbon 1 is bonded vertically down BETA: the hydroxyl group attached to carbon 1 is bonded diagonally upwards

Question 32

What are the two glucose polymers that make up starch

Answer 32

Amylose and amylopectinAmylose is an unbranched glucose polymer with alpha 1-4 glycosidic links whereas amylopectin is a branched glucose polymer with 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic links

Question 33

What is cellulose

Answer 33

cellulose is a common glucose polymer that contains beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages, it is insoluble in water and indigestible

Question 34

What is the primary structure of a protein

Answer 34

The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids formed by the peptide bonds cause by a condensation reaction between the carboxyl end of one amino acid and the amino end of another

Question 35

What is the secondary structure of a protein

Answer 35

The secondary structure is the folding of the polypeptide into either alpha helices or beta pleated sheets Alpha helices are a spring structure that is stabilised by hydrogen bonding between each peptides carbonyl oxygen and the amino hydrogen atom another peptide further along the polypeptide Beta pleated sheets have a wavy appearance due to the sizes of the amino acid chains that protrude from the main sheet and is formed when adjacent polypeptides interact through the hydrogen bonding between the peptides

Question 36

What is the tertiary structure of a protein

Answer 36

The tertiary structure is the three dimensional interaction between the secondary structure present in a polypeptide.

Question 37

what is the quaternary structure of a protein

Answer 37

The quaternary structure of a protein is the combination of one or more polypeptides that contain 50 or more amino acids

Question 38

What is an enzyme

Answer 38

Enzymes are proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms. They have an active site that is specific for one substrate. the active sight in an amino acid is an indentation in the protein structure that is big enough to fit the chemical reactants in the correct orientation for the reaction to occur to interact with the substrates and once the chemical reaction occurs the products leave the active site leaving the enzyme unchanged in order to begin the next chemical reaction