Grignard + CO2
Forms carboxylic acid
Grignard + aldehyde
Produces secondary alcohol and tertiary alcohols with ketones
Grignard + methanal
Produces primary alcohol
How to form grignard reagant
Halogenoalkane is dissolved in dry ether and reacted with magnesium
Zwitterion in acidic solution
H3N+ and CO2H
Zwitterion in alkaline solution
H2N and CO2-
Amine + acid
= ammonium salt
Amide functional group?
Double Bond to O
NH2
Define rate of reaction
Change in concentration of a substance in unit time
Nitration of benzene
HNO3 + 2H2SO4 ->. NO2+ + 2HSO4- + H3O+
Acyl chloride + amine
Secondary amide
Acyl chloride + NH3
Primary amide + NH4Cl
Acyl chloride + alcohol
Ester + HCl
Acyl chloride + H2O
Carboxylic acid + HCl
Acid + metal
Salt and hydrogen
Acid + alkali
Salt and water
Acid + carbonate
Salt and water and co2
Define nucleophile
Electron pair donator
Define electrophile
An electron pair acceptor
Formation of pi bond
Formed by sideways overlap of two p orbitals on each carbon atom.
Pi Bond weaker than sigma bond
Formation of sigma bond
One sp2 orbital from each carbon overlap to form a single c-c bond
Rotation can occur around sigma bond
Carbonyl + I2 + NaOH
Yellow crystalline ppt and antiseptic smell
Test for acyl chloride
AgNO3, steamy fumes of HCl and white ppt of AgCl
Test for chloroalkane
Warm AgNO3, white ppt of AgCl
Test for primary secondary alcohols
Na2Cr2O7/H2SO4
Orange to green
Test for carboxylic
NaCO3 effervescence is CO2
Test for aldehyde
Tollens silver mirror, feelings shows blue solution to brick red ppt
Test for carbonyls
2,4-DNP, orange ppt
Test for alcohols, phenols and carboxylic
Sodium metal, effervescence (H2 gas)
Test for alcohol and carboxylic acid
PCl5, misty fumes of HCl
Test for alkenes
Br water, orange to colourless
Functional group ester
- C - O -
||
O
