All case studies Flashcards
(59 cards)
1
Q
Distinctive landscapes
Pembrokeshire
A
- Green bridge of Wales - sea arch
- St Brides Bay - softer rock is eroded leaving headlands and bays
- Borth beach - 60 groynes built so that material isn’t moved by LSD
2
Q
Distinctive landscapes
River Tees - reservoir
A
- Water supply
- Hydro-electric power
- Disrupts the natural flow
- Floods habitats
- Prevents migrations
3
Q
Distinctive landscapes
River Tees - Farming
A
- Arable
- Pastoral
- Water pollution through pesticides and other chemicals
4
Q
Distinctive landscapes
River Tees - Industry
A
- Flat mouth land
- Air pollution
- Water pollution
- Noise pollution
5
Q
Distinctive landscapes
River flooding - speed
A
- Drains increase water speed increased flooding chances
- Bare arble land increases water speed
- Vegetation reduces water speed as water gets absorbed by plants
- Trees stop water speed reducing the amount of water in the rivers
6
Q
Distinctive landscapes
River Thames - flooding
A
- 2014
- 5,000 businesses and homes destroyed
- Wettest winter on record - soil fully-saturated
- £500 million in damages
- Thousands evacuated
- Jubilee river is a man-made river designed to take water from the Thames away from important areas such as Eton and Windsor castle however it takes water much more quickly than the Thames so the risk of flooding downstream is much higher.
7
Q
Distinctive landscapes
The Thames Barrier
A
- Protects 1.25 million people
- Protects over £200 billion in damages
- Steel barriers hold back the flood water
- 10 barriers, 20m tall, 520m across
8
Q
Distinctive landscapes
Barking riverside
A
- Houses built with gaps and on concrete slabs
- Houses built on raised land
- Water allowed to spread
- Green corridors to allow water speed to decrease
9
Q
Distinctive landscapes
Ethiopia
A
- Reduced water - droughts
- Reduced harvests
- Reduced exports
- Migration for food and water means a reducing workforce
- Import food from other countries
- Increase in infant mortality
- £130 million revieved UN say £330 million still needed
10
Q
Distinctive landscapes
Tuvalu
A
- 5 metres above sea level
- 8,000 still in Tuvalu
- 4,000 migrated to New Zealand
- 3,500 km from Australia
- Import food because saltwater ruins freshwater crops
- Rain harvesting
- Sea levels rise 5mm per year
11
Q
Hallsands
A
- 37 houses
- 159 people
- Shingle taken for Portsmouth Dock
- Beach taken and cliff erroded
- Pub destroyed (London Inn)
- 600,000 tonnes of shingle taken
- Cliff not protecting the beach
12
Q
Porlock
A
- Managed retreat
- Shingle acted as a natural sea wall
- Shingle was overcome and land behind was flooded
- Longshore drift meant the replacing shingle would move down the beach
- Farmland behind is abandoned and left to flood
13
Q
Minehead
A
- Sea walls and rock armour to protect from the sea
- £12.5 million to protect £21 million in damages
- Protects the tourist economy
14
Q
Geology
Holderness
A
- Soft rock moved by glacial ice
- Soft boulder clay
- Easily erroded
- Strong northerly winds bring powerful destructive waves
15
Q
Holderness
Mappleton
A
- Rock groyne and barrier built here to maintain the beach
- Prevent erosion of the cliff and therefore protect the road
- South of the defences the cliffs are more eroded as there is less material on the beach .
16
Q
Hurricane Katrina
Date and causation
A
- 2005 - New Orleans
- Tropical depression in Bahamas creates tropical winds of 280mph
- Levees broke allowing waves to flood
17
Q
Huricane Katrina
Evacuation + damages
A
- Evacuation to superdome - 15,000 prepared 26,000 arrived
- Told people to drive by cars but 25% of people don’t have cars
- $75 billion in damages
- 1604 dead
- 3 million no electricity
18
Q
El Nino
A
- Weaker E–>W trade winds
- Winds don’t move towards Australia
- Americas recieve more rain - storms
- Less rain to Australia - droughts
19
Q
La Nina
A
- Stronger E–>W trade winds
- Winds move towards Australia
- Australia recieves more rain - flooding
- Americas less rainfall - droughts
20
Q
UK drought
A
- 2012
- Bewl reservior at 60% - February
- Surrey 4.4% rain
- Jet Stream moves NW
- Hoped to decrease water usage by 20L
21
Q
UK drought
Affects
A
- £14 million spent on repairing 30,000 leaks
- Increase in fruit such as strawberries
- Severn transfer to Anglican water
- Crop yields go down massively
- Hosepipe ban
22
Q
Haiti Earthquake
Causation
A
- 2010 - magnitude 7
- Hispaniola
- Carribean and North American collide
- Conservative plate boundary
- 10km below surface - very shallow
- Very close to capital city - Port-au-Prince
- 25% of population live there
23
Q
Haiti Earthquake
Effects
A
- 100,000 to 316,000 people killed
- 1-3% of the population died
- 250,000 homes destroyed
- 30,000 commercial buildings flattened
- 75% of GDP or $8 billion in damages
- 1 million people homeless
- 60% of hospitals and 80% of schools
24
Q
Haiti earthquake
Response
A
- $13.8 billion in relief funds
- 10,000 US soldiers
- Airport damaged so hard for rescue team
25
# Ecosystems
Mamirauá
* Live off seasonal changes, use natural resources in a sustainable way - renewable power, sewerage, water
* 10 floating lodges, solar panels
* Local guides with wildlife knowledge trained in other languages, first aid ect
* Conservation - river turtles, Pirarucu, Ouakari
* Profits are invested back into the community
* Small numbers to not disrupt anything -
short stays from 1 day to a week
26
# Ecosystems
Inuit people
* They can’t use their usual hunting places because the sea ice has melted
* Can’t feed the dogs until they catch food for them
* Traditionally hunt seal - dogs find breathing holes but now have to use boats.
* Animals move with the retreating ice so are harder to find.
* Inughuit, Qaanaaq, NW Greenland
27
# Ecosystems
Norilsk Nickel
| Facts
* Norilsk, Siberia, Russia is the world’s northernmost city
* There are no roads connecting Norilsk with the rest of Russia
* 500 tons each of copper and nickel oxides and two million tons of sulphur dioxide are released annually into the air -
* No vegetation in a 30km radius
* Acid rain covers area size of Germany
* life expectancy for factory workers is 10 years below the Russian average
* Soil is so contaminated that it is now economically feasible to mine it
28
Norilsk Nickel
| Human health
* The gases make people ill and dizzy.
* Premature births
* Child respiratory diseases
* High rates of lung cancer
* Very low life expectancy
29
The Arctic Council
* Made from 8 countries
* 6 native groups
* 6 working charities
* Gives advice to members about environmental protection
30
CAFF
* Sees how climate change affects the flora and fauna
* Provides information on the state of the flora and fauna within the arctic
* Advises on human activity
31
Base camp Greenland
* Bringing money to the area.
* Having a small group size (14) minimal noise
* Use biodegradable products
* Providing work for the local people.
* Using the local people and their knowledge to give the tours.
* All trips 100% carbon offset
32
Xayaburi Dam
* 41 fish species are at risk of extinction.
* Over 23 vital fish migration routes are blocked
* Irrawaddy dolphin, Mekong giant catfish.
* Over 2100 people are having to relocate and get new jobs and houses.
* 202,000 people living near the dam would suffer impacts to their livelihoods, income and food security
33
Zimbawe
* 2009
* White farmers ousted by black farmers
* Mugabe's policy to "reverse colonianism"
* Worst harvest for 50 years
* Supermarket shelves bare
* 5 million food insecure
34
Lagos
* 6000 people move per day
* Makoko floating school on river - avoids flooding + used as community space
* 33% of Nigeria GDP
* MNC hubs, international airport, trade centre
* 80% industry in Lagos, main financial centre of West Africa
35
Rio
* Rural to urban migration
* Community self help
* Slum housing in Rio
* Indivual plots of land - concrete
* Poor acess to healthcare, electricity
36
Atalanta
* Atalanta sprawl - 8 cities with population 100m fit into the size of Atalanta
* Bareclona same population nearly 30 times smaller
* No limiting factors so cheap housing
* Average 66 miles driving a day
37
# Cars
Detroit
* Motor city where Ford and General Motors started
* 1913 first assembly line - Piquette plant
* $5 per day
38
# Music
Detriot
* Influential in the music industry
* Influential in jazz
* Artists like Eminem, Madonna and Stevie wonder were born in Detroit
39
# Migration
Detroit
* 1910-30 population doubles
* Population peaked in 1950 with 1.8 million
* Population now 600,000
* Mainly white vacate the centre leaving suburbs
* White flight
40
# Challenges
Detroit
* Car industry declines - competition in Asia
* WW2 race riots - Inkster + Dearborn
* Unemployment 29%
* Poverty 34%
* 47% literacy
* 70 fire per night
41
# Local scale USA
MUFI
| Michigan Urban Farming Initative
* 2011 founded - non-profit
* Helps 2000 households - 2 square miles
* 2 acre urban garden
* 200 tree orchard
* Unemployment 29% in inner areas
* Food desert
* 50,000 homes demolished so 34% below poverty line
42
# Problems
Lagos
* Shortage of housing
* Traffic can mean 3hr to work
* Areas boys have to bribed - no police
* The "Go Slow"
* 85% of population informal economy
43
Yorkshire Dales
* Counter-urbanisation
* Crime, pollution to get to nice scenery
* House prices increase + more pollution
44
# Bus Rapid Transit
Lagos
* Employs 2000 employees
* 0.5 million linked jobs
* Designed for 60,000 people ended up with 220,000
* Park and ride means less car use
* Fast and reliable lanes
45
Newcastle/Glasgow
* Re-urbanisation
* Decline in shipping and manufactoring industries
* Regeneration
* Quayside appartments
* Attractions - Millenium Bridge, bars, clubs
46
# National scale USE
SNAP
| Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Programme
* Consitent access to nutritous healthy food
* Helps low income families
* Helps disabled, unemployed, homeless and military personnel
* Helped 3.2m people out of poverty
* Get a benifit card to buy fresh fruit
* Prevents buying tobacco, alcohol and hot food (fast food)
* 42.1m people use $212 per month
47
Pasona Urban Farm
* Japan where lack of green spaces, large urban population density
* Vertical farms - provide food
* Plants will absorb pollution and will create oxygen in cities
48
Tanzania
* Debt relief
* Now have clean water
* More to spend on health and education
* 2 classrooms in every village
* 1978 life expectancy 50 now 66
49
50
Gaza
* There are no jobs
* Gaza-Israel barrier (Iron Wall)
* No imported goods, no medicine
* Loads of death and no education
* Mental health has taken a huge fall
* Israel life expectancy 83 Gaza 74
51
Zambia
* Zambia is hugely reliant on China and the copper they buy
* Economy changes on copper prices
* 81% of exports are metal related and 64% copper
* 2000 - infant mortality is 80/1000 now 40/1000
52
# Transnational Companies
Zambia
* Takes money away from local economy
* Less money on healthcare and education
* Associated British Foods
* Loses around $3 billion from tax avoidance
53
# Aid
Zambia
* Water Aid helps provide clean water
* Wells dug in 160 communities like Chasefu
* 2006 - Benefitted from debt relief
* Gave anti-retroviral drugs to 100,000
54
# Top down or bottom up
Zambia
* Top down
* 1975 - Kariba Dam provides electricity
* Kazungula bridge to Botswanna
* Fair trade help provide steady income and workers rights
* Top down
* Slum Dwellers International - NGO
* Trains people to build homes with electricity
55
UK
* West side 4 times wetter than the east
* South East water stress cause of high population and low rainfall
* Jet stream warms up the south
56
# Ageing population
UK
* WW2 low birth rate
* Causes a higher dependancy ratio
* Smaller fraction paying taxes
* Can increase working age or incentives fro working women
* Japan seals, Norway tablet, Children visiting care home
57
# London
UK
* 53% of London not white
* 22% of total UK wealth
* London is a world city
* Quaternary jobs in high demand
58
# Afghanistan
UK
* Since 2001
* $62 million from the UK
* Herat reserviors
* Repair vital roads - ring road
* Royal Engineers resurfacing - less accidents in the Salang Tunnel
* However Taliban still in power
59
# Media
UK
* 2016 £1.3 billion sales
* Planet Earth 2 in 154 territories
* 2018 music exports reach £400m
* Beatles - 600 million units sold
* First UK band to break into the US and allowed others to follow - Oasis
* British Curry - 12,000 curry houses, 100,000 workers, £5 billion a year
