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Question 1

what is an ecosystem?

Answer 1

All living organisms in an area plus abiotic factors like water, sunlight, and soil

Question 2

What is a community?

Answer 2

All the living organisms (biotic factors) in a given area.

Question 3

What is a biotic factor?

Answer 3

Living parts of an environment such as plants, animals, and bacteria.

Question 4

What is an abiotic factor?

Answer 4

Non-living components like sunlight, water, temperature, and soil.

Question 5

What is a producer (autotroph)?

Answer 5

Organism that makes its own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Question 6

What is a consumer (heterotroph)?

Answer 6

Organism that eats other organisms to get energy.

Question 7

What is a decomposer?

Answer 7

Organism that breaks down dead organisms and recycles nutrients.

Question 8

What is a detritivore?

Answer 8

Organism that ingests dead material and digests it internally (e.g., earthworm).

Question 9

What is a saprotroph?

Answer 9

Organism that externally digests dead matter and absorbs nutrients (e.g., fungi).

Question 10

What is the 10% rule?

Answer 10

Only 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level; the rest is lost as heat or waste.

Question 11

What is photosynthesis?

Answer 11

Process by which plants make glucose and oxygen from CO₂ and water using sunlight.

Question 12

What is the photosynthesis equation?

Answer 12

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Question 13

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 13

Process where cells break down glucose with oxygen to release energy (ATP).

Question 14

What is the cellular respiration equation?

Answer 14

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP

Question 15

What is aerobic respiration?

Answer 15

Respiration using oxygen; occurs in mitochondria and produces ~36 ATP.

Question 16

What is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 16

Respiration without oxygen; occurs in cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP.

Question 17

What is lactic acid fermentation?

Answer 17

Anaerobic respiration in animals that produces lactic acid and 2 ATP.

Question 18

What is alcoholic fermentation?

Answer 18

Anaerobic respiration in yeast that produces ethanol, CO₂, and 2 ATP.

Question 19

What is the ethanol formula?

Answer 19

C₂H₅OH

Question 20

What is the lactic acid formula?

Answer 20

C₃H₆O₃

Question 21

What is a trophic level?

Answer 21

Position an organism occupies in a food chain (e.g., producer, primary consumer).

Question 22

What is a food chain?

Answer 22

Linear sequence of who eats whom in an ecosystem.

Question 23

What is a food web?

Answer 23

Network of interconnected food chains in a community.

Question 24

What is a pyramid of energy?

Answer 24

Diagram showing energy loss across trophic levels.

Question 25

What is the BTB indicator?

Answer 25

Turns yellow in high CO₂, blue in low CO₂ (high O₂).

Question 26

What is a gene?

Answer 26

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait.

Question 27

What is an allele?

Answer 27

Different forms of a gene (e.g., dominant or recessive).

Question 28

What is a genotype?

Answer 28

The genetic makeup (e.g., TT, Tt, tt).

Question 29

What is a phenotype?

Answer 29

The physical expression of a trait (e.g., tall, short).

Question 30

What is homozygous?

Answer 30

Having two of the same allele (e.g., TT or tt).

Question 31

What is heterozygous?

Answer 31

Having two different alleles (e.g., Tt).

Question 32

What is a dominant allele?

Answer 32

An allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele in heterozygotes.

Question 33

What is a recessive allele?

Answer 33

An allele whose effect is masked unless the organism is homozygous recessive.

Question 34

What is a carrier?

Answer 34

An individual who carries one recessive allele but does not express the trait.

Question 35

What is codominance?

Answer 35

Both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype (e.g., AB blood type).

Question 36

What is incomplete dominance?

Answer 36

The heterozygous phenotype is a blend (e.g., pink from red + white).

Question 37

What is a Punnett square?

Answer 37

Tool to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

Question 38

What is a pedigree?

Answer 38

Family tree showing inheritance of traits across generations.

Question 39

What is autosomal dominant?

Answer 39

Trait seen in every generation; one dominant allele needed.

Question 40

What is autosomal recessive?

Answer 40

Trait can skip generations; two recessive alleles needed.

Question 41

What is X-linked recessive?

Answer 41

Trait more common in males; females are often carriers.

Question 42

What is X-linked dominant?

Answer 42

Trait appears in both sexes; affected fathers pass it to all daughters.

Question 43

What is an independent variable?

Answer 43

The variable you change in an experiment.

Question 44

What is a dependent variable?

Answer 44

The variable you measure in an experiment.

Question 45

What is a control group?

Answer 45

Group that does not receive the experimental treatment.

Question 46

What is a control variable?

Answer 46

Variables kept the same in all groups to ensure fairness.