All enzymes Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
A
Turns alcohol into acetaldehyde which was produced from Pyruvate, reducing NADH to NAD+
2
Q
Lactate Dehydrogenase
A
Pyruvate to Lactate and NADH to NAD
Reversible (see CORI cycle)
3
Q
Hexokinase/Glucokinase
A
Glucose -> Glucose-6P and ATP->ADP
Irreversible
4
Q
Phosphoglucose isomerase
A
Glucose 6P <-> Fructose 6P
Reversible
5
Q
PFK1
A
F6P to F1,6BP and ATP to ADP
Irreversible
6
Q
Aldolase
A
F1,6BP <-> DHAP and Glyceraldhyde 3P
Reversible
7
Q
Triose Phosphate Isomerase
A
DHAP <-> Glyceraldehyde-3P
Reversible
8
Q
Glyceraldehyde-3-P DH
A
Glyceraldehyde-3-P <-> 1,3BPG and NAD+Pi to NADH
Reversible
9
Q
Phosphoglycerate kinase
A
1,3BPG <-> 3-P-Glycerate and ADP to ATP
Reversible
10
Q
Phosphoglycerate mutase
A
3-P-Glycerate <-> 2-P-Glycerate
Reversible
11
Q
Enolase
A
2-P-Glycerate <-> PEP
Reversible
12
Q
Pyruvate Kinase
A
PEP to Pyruvate and ADP to ATP
Irreversible
13
Q
PFK2/F2,6BPase
A
Phosphorylates/Dephosphorylates F6P to F2,6BP
Uses ATP for phosphorylation
Reversible
14
Q
PKM2
A
fetal form of pyruvate kinase and present in some cancer cells
15
Q
Fructokinase
A
Fructose to Fructose-1P and ATP to ADP
Irreversible
16
Q
Aldolase B
A
Fructose-1P to Glyceraldhyde and DHAP
Reversible
17
Q
Triose Kinase
A
Glyceraldehyde to Glyceraldehyde-3P and ATP to ADP
Irreversible
18
Q
Galactokinase
A
Galactose to Galactose 1-P and ATP to ADP
Reversible
19
Q
Galactose 1P uridyl transferase
A
Galactose 1-P + UDP Glucose -> UDP-Galactose + Glucose-1P
Reversible
20
Q
UDP-glucose 4-epimerase
A
UDP-Galactose to UDP-Glucose
21
Q
Pyruvate Decarboxylase (aka PDH)
A
E1
Pyruvate + TPP -> Hydroxyethyl:TPP + Co2 -> Acetyl-lipoic acid
Bound cofactor: TPP
22
Q
Dihydrolipoyl Transacetylase
A
E2
Acetyl-lipoic acid +CoA -> Acetyl-CoA+ Dihydrolipoic acid
Bound cofactor: Lipoid acid
23
Q
Dihydrolipoyl Dehydrogenase
A
E3
FAD + Dihydrolipoic acid -> FADH2 + Lipoid acid
NAD + FADH2 -> NADH + FAD
Bound cofactor: FAD
24
Q
PDHC Phosphatase
A
PDHC-P to PDHC loss of Pi
Inactive to Active
25
PDHC Kinase
PDHC to PDHC-P and ATP to ADP
Active to Inactive
26
Aconitase
Citrate to cis-Aconitate to Isocitrate
H2O out then H2O in
27
Isocitrate DH
Isocitrate to ⍺-Ketoglutarate and NAD to NADH + CO2
28
Succinyl-CoA Synthetase
Succinyl-Coa to Succinate and GDP to GTP
29
⍺-Ketoglutarate DH
⍺-Ketoglutarate to Succinyl-CoA
NAD + CoA -> NADH +Co2
30
Succinate DH
Succinate to Fumarate and FAD to FADH2
Also Complex II, transfers electrons to CoQ
31
Fumarase
H2O + Fumarate -> Malate
32
Malate DH
Malate to Oxaloacetate and NAD to NADH
Malate-Aspartate shuttle
33
Citrate Synthase
Acetyl CoA + OAA -> Citrate + CoA
34
NADH-Q Reductase
Complex I, catalyzes the oxidation of NADH to NAD+, giving electrons to FMN and then to Fe-S, then to CoQ
Pumps 4 H+ across the inner membrane
35
QH2-cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome bc1
Complex III, takes electrons from CoQ and transfers them to cyctochrome c
Pumps 4 H+ across the inner membrane
36
ATP Synthase
Uses H+ gradient to pump 10 protons back into the matrix, producing 3 ATP
37
Cytochrome oxidase, a+a3
| produces what?
Complex IV, takes electrons from cyt c, transfers them to O2 to produce H2O
Pumps 2 H+ across the inner membrane
38
Glycerol-3-P DH
Takes G3P from outside the cell and turns it into DHAP, reducing FAD into FADH2 to bring electrons to CoQ
DHAP is then transported out of the cell, turned back into G3P via oxidation of NADH to NAD
39
acyl-CoA DH
Converts Fatty acyl CoA to trans-2-enoyl CoA, reducing FAD to FADH2
FADH2 then can transfer its electrons to CoQ in the ETC
40
Aspartate Aminotransferase
Catalyzes the combination of OAA and Glutamate to ⍺KG and Aspartate and the reverse of this reaction
41
Adenine nucleotide translocase
Drives produced ATP into the cytosol and brings ADP into the matrix
Driven by charge difference generated by ATP Synthase, where ATP is more negative, so it is attracted to the positive charge on the outside of the mitochondria
42
Pyruvate Carboxylase
Catalyzes the conversion Pyruvate to OAA using CO2 and ATP, producing ADP and Pi
Irreversible
43
PEPCK
Catalyzes the conversion of OAA to PEP using GTP, producing CO2 and GDP
Irreversible
44
F1,6BPase
Catalyzes the conversion of F1,6BP to F1P using H2O and producing Pi
Irreversible
45
G6Phosphatase
Catalyzes the conversion of G6P to Glucose, using H2O and producing Pi
Irreversible
46
Alanine Aminotransferase
Catalyzes the conversion of Pyruvate to Alanine using Glutamate and producing ⍺KG in the liver and the opposite in the muscle (alanine cycle)
Reversible
47
Phosphoglucomutase
Catalyzes the conversion of G6P to G1P
Reversible
48
UDP-glucose phosphorylase
Uses UTP to convert G1P to UDP-Glucose, loss of PPi
Irreversible
49
Glycogen synthase
Removes UDP and adds glucose onto existing glycogen(n) to create glycogen(n+1)
a is active form
Irreversible
50
Branching enzyme
Facilitates the branching of glycogen 1-4 to 1-6
51
Glycogen phosphorylase
Phosphorylates Glycogen to G1P
a is active form
Irreversible
52
Transferase (aka Debranching enzyme)
Moves the branch to the main strand
53
⍺1,6-glucosidase
Uses H20 to remove final glucose remnant from branching point
54
Phosphorylase b kinase
Phosphorylates phosphorylase b, converting it from phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a
55
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase
Conversion of cAMP to AMP
56
Phosphoprotein phosphatase
Dephosphorylates glycogen synthase, phosphorylase and kinase b
Activated by Insulin
57
G6P DH
Converts Glucose-6P to 6-Phosphogluconolactone and reduces NADP to NADPH
58
Lactonase
Converts 6-Phosphogluconolactone to 6-Phosphogluconate
59
6-Phosphogluconate DH
Converts 6-Phosphogluconate to Ribulose-5P and NADP to NADPH
60
Phosphopentose Epimerase
Converts Ribose-5P into Xylulose-5P
Reversible
61
Transketolase
Xylulose-5P + Ribose-5P <-> Glyceraldehyde-3P + Sedoheptulose-7P
Erythrose-4P + Xylulose-5P <-> Fructose-6P + Glyceraldehyde-3P
62
Transaldolase
Glyceraldehyde-3P + Sedoheptulose-7P <-> Fructose-6P + Erythrose-4P
63
Branched Chain Aminotransferase
Catalyzes synthesis and degradation of BCAA's
Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine, Alanine
64
Glutamate Dehydrogenase
Converts Glutamate to NH3 and ⍺KG via the reduction of NADP to NADPH
65
Serine Dehydratase
Converts Serine to Pyruvate and NH3
66
Threonine Dehydratase
Converts Threonine to ⍺-ketobutyrate and NH3
67
Glutamine Synthetase
Creates Glutamine using Glutamate, NH3 and ATP
68
Glutaminase
Converts Glutamine to Glutamate and NH3
69
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase-1
Converts NH3 + CO2 + 2ATP + H2O into Carbamoyl-P
70
Ornithine Transcarbamoylase
Combines Ornithine and CP to create Citrulline
71
Arginiosuccinate Synthetase
Combines Citrulline and Aspartate and ATP to create Arginiosuccinate and AMP
72
Arginiosuccinase
Splits Arginiosuccinate into Arginine and Fumarate
73
Arginase
Splits Arginine into Ornithine and Urea
74
Phenylalanine Hydroxylase
Responsible for the conversion of Phenylalanine to Tyrosine
Deficiency leads to PKU
75
Tyrosinase
Converts Tyrosine to Melanin
Deficiency leads to Albinism
76
Homogentisate Oxidase
Metabolizes Homogentisic acid
Deficiency leads to Alkaptonuria
77
ATGL
Adipose Triglyceride Lipase
Catalyzes the conversion of TG to DAG
78
HSL
Hormone Sensitive Lipase
Converts DAG to MAG
79
MAG Lipase
Converts MAG to glycerol
80
Acyl-CoA Synthetase
Activation of FA's for breakdown by attachment of CoA using ATP to AMP + PPi
81
CPT-1
Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase-1 (aka carnitine acyltransferase)
Attaches Carnitine to Fatty acyl-CoA for transport across IMM
82
Translocase
Moves Fatty-acyl-carnitine into matrix and carnitine out
83
CPT-2
Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase-2 (aka carnitine acyltransferase)
Removes Carnitine and reattaches CoA to FA's
84
Acyl-CoA DH
Turns Acyl-CoA into trans-2-enoyl-CoA via reduction of FAD
The deficiency in MCAD
85
Enoyl-CoA Hydratase
Converts trans-2-enoyl-CoA into L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA via addition of H2O
86
L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA DH
Converts L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA into 3-ketoacyl-CoA via reduction of NAD
87
ß-ketothiolase
3-ketoacyl-CoA to Acyl-CoA and Acetyl-CoA via addition of CoA
88
Thiolase
Combines 2x Acetyl CoA to create Acetoacetyl-CoA
Loss of one CoA
89
HMG CoA Synthase
Addition of another Acetyl-CoA to produce HMG CoA
90
HMG-CoA Lyase
Removes Acetyl-CoA to create AcetoAcetate
91
Ketone body DH
Converts acetoacetate to D-3-hydroxybutyrate
Reversible
92
Transferase
Conversion of Acetoacetate to Acetoacetyl-CoA via conversion of Succiny-CoA to Succinate
93
Thiolase
Conversion of Acetoacetyl-CoA to two Acetyl-CoA
94
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
Converts Acetyl-CoA into Malonyl-CoA
95
Fatty Acid Synthase
Complex that consists of
Dehydratase
Reductase
Synthase
Transacylase
Thioesterase
96
FAS Pattern
Condensation (-CO2)
Reduction (NADPH)
Dehydration
Reduction (NADPH
97
ATP-Citrate Lyase
Conversion of Citrate to Acetyl-CoA and OAA, uses ATP
Citrate-Pyruvate shuttle
98
Malic enzyme
Conversion of Malate to Pyruvate and loss of NADPH
Citrate-Pyruvate shuttle
99
GPAT
Glycerol-P-acyltransferase
Converts G3P to Lysophosphatidic acid
100
AGPAT
Acylglycerol-P-acyltransferase
Lysophosphatidic acid to Phosphatidic acid
101
PAP
Phosphatidic Acid Phosphatase
Converts Phosphatidic acid to DAG
102
DGAT
Converts DAG to TAG
103
Pancreatic lipase
Converts dietary TAG to 2MAG + FA
104
Phospholipase A1
Cleaves distal side of O on C1, opposite to Phosphate group
105
Phospholipase A2
Cleaves distal side of O on C2
106
Phospholipase C
Cleaves proximal side of Phosphate
107
Phospholipase D
Cleaves distal side of phosphate
108
HMG-CoA Reductase
Converts HMG-CoA to Mevalonate and using 2 NADPH
109
ACAT
Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase
Esterification of Cholesterol with FA INSIDE cells
110
Colipase
Helps Pancreatic Lipase digest TAG
111
Lipoprotein Lipase
In endothelial lining, removes TAG from lipoproteins
112
LCAT
Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase
Esterifies cholesterol in the plasma
113
20⍺-22 Desmolase
Converts Cholesterol into Pregnenolone
114
3ß-hydroxysteroid DH
Converts Pregnenolone into Progesterone and DHEA into Androstenedione
115
17⍺-hydroxylase
Progesterone into 17⍺-hydroxyprogesterone
Pregnenolone in 17⍺-hydroxypregnenolone
17⍺-hydroxypregnenolone into DHEA
17⍺-hydroxypregnenolone into Androstenedione
116
Aldosterone Synthase
Converts Corticosterone into Aldosterone
117
11ß-hydroxylase
Converts 11ß-deoxycorticosterone into corticosterone
118
21⍺-hydroxylase
converts progesterone into 11ß-deoxycorticosterone
119
17ß-hydroxysteroid DH
Conversion of Androstenedione into Testosterone
120
Aromatase
Conversation of Androstenedione into Estrone
Testosterone into Estradiol
121
