Exam 2

Question 1

Glycolysis location

Answer 1

Cytosol

Question 2

Glycogenolysis location

Answer 2

Cytosol

Question 3

Glycogen synthesis location

Answer 3

Cytosol

Question 4

Citric acid cycle location

Answer 4

Inside inner membrane of mitochondrial matrix

Question 5

ETC location

Answer 5

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 6

Oxidative phosphorylation location

Answer 6

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 7

Pentose phosphate pathway location

Answer 7

Cytosol

Question 8

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 8

Mitochondria and cytosol

Question 9

FA oxidation location

Answer 9

Mitochondria and cytosol

Question 10

Enzyme for Glucose –> Glucose-6-P

Answer 10

Hexokinase

Question 11

Enzyme for G6P –> Fructose-6-P

Answer 11

Phosphoglucose isomerase

Question 12

Bis vs Di

Answer 12

Bis is Phosphate on two different carbons, while bi is on the same carbon

Question 13

What is an inositol?

Answer 13

6 carbon ring with 6 OH groups

Question 14

Enzyme for F6P –> Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate

Answer 14

Phosphofructokinase

Question 15

Enzyme for Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate –> Dihydroxyacetone P or Glyceraldehyde-3-P and interconversion for DHP to G-3-P

Answer 15

Aldolase and Triose-P isomerase

Question 16

Enzyme for G-3-P –> 1,3-BPG

Answer 16

Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase

Question 17

Enzyme for 1,3-BPG –> 3-P-Glycerate

Answer 17

Phosphoglycerate kinase

Question 18

Enzyme for 3-P-Glycerate –> 2-P-Glycerate

Answer 18

P-Glycerate mutase

Question 19

Enzyme for 2-P-Glycerate –> Phosphoenolpyrvuate

Answer 19

Enolase

Question 20

Enzyme for Phosphoenolpyruvate –> Pyruvate

Answer 20

Pyruvate Kinase

Question 21

Which enzymes in glycolysis are capable of interconversion and which reactions do they catalyze?

Answer 21

Phsophoglucose isomerase
Triose-P-Isomerase
Phosphoglycerate mutase
Enolase

Question 22

Which enzymes use ATP to catalyze their reaction?

Answer 22

Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate kinase

Question 23

Which enzymes use ADP to catalyze their reaction?

Answer 23

Phosphoglycerate kinase

Question 24

Which enzymes convert NAD+Pi to NADH in their reaction

Answer 24

Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase

Question 25

Overall reaction of glycolysis with O2

Answer 25

Glucose --> 2 Pyruvate and 2 ATP

Question 26

Overall reaction of glycolysis without O2

Answer 26

Glucose --> 2 Lactate

Question 27

Overall reaction of Glycogenolysis

Answer 27

Glycogen(n) + Pi --> G-1-P + glycogen(n-1)

Question 28

Overall reaction of Glycogen synthesis

Answer 28

Glycogen(n)+G-1-P+UTP --> Glycogen(n+1)+UDP+PPi

Question 29

Overall reaction of citric acid cycle

Answer 29

Acetly-CoA --> 2CO2+8H+8e-

Question 30

Overall reaction of ETC

Answer 30

8H+8e-+2O2 --> 4H2O+Energy

Question 31

What are the 3 rate-limiting steps and their enzymes in glycolysis

Answer 31

1) Glucose --> G-6-P, Hexokinase 2) F-6-P --> F-1,6-Bis, Phosphofructokinase 3) Phosphoenolpyruvate --> Pyruvate, Pyruvate Kinase

Question 32

What is Iodoacetate and how does it function?

Answer 32

A non-specific inhibitor of G-3-P dehydrogenase, preventing oxidation of NAD

Question 33

How is NADH reoxidized back to NAD for use in Glycolysis?

Answer 33

In aerobic conditions: - NADH -> shuttles -> ETC -> O2 In anaerobic conditions: - NADH+pyruvate -> NAD+lactate (via lactate dehydrogenase)

Question 34

Fate of pyruvate

Answer 34

Anaerobic conditions: - Pyruvate+NADH -> lactate+NAD - via Lactate dehydrogenase Aerobic conditions: - Pyruvate -> Acetyl-CoA -> TCA or FAs - via pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 35

Fate of pyruvate in yeast

Answer 35

Pyruvate -> acetaldehyde acetaldehyde -> EtOH - via EtOH dehydrogenase and oxidation of NADH to NAD

Question 36

Why does Glucokinase have a high Km?

Answer 36

Acts as glucose sensor. In liver, ensures that it only functions when hepatocyte glucose is elevated (meal). Also regulates insulin release from pancreatic ß-cells

Question 37

Which reactions in glycolysis consume ATP?

Answer 37

Glucose to G6P F6P to F6BisP

Question 38

Why is anaerobic glycolysis important?

Answer 38

Allows for the production of ATP in cells that lack mitochondria (RBC and parts of eye) or cells in hypoxia

Question 39

2 ways Glucose is transported into the cell

Answer 39

1) Facilitate diffusion 2) Countertransport with Na+

Question 40

What type of transporters are used in facilitated diffusion of glucose?

Answer 40

Tissue-specific GLUT1-14 uniporters

Question 41

What type of transporters are used in counter transport of glucose and what creates the gradient?

Answer 41

- SGLT transporters found in the intestinal epithelium - Na+ gradient out of the cell created by Na+/K+ ATPase

Question 42

GLUT for liver

Answer 42

GLUT-2

Question 43

GLUT for brain

Answer 43

GLUT-1

Question 44

GLUT for muscle and adipose tissue

Answer 44

GLUT-4, requires insulin

Question 45

Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase: function and importance?