All Hormones Flashcards
(27 cards)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Structure: Peptide (glycoprotein)
Synthesis: De Novo
Storage: Vesicles
Release: Exocytosis
Transport: Free
Mechanism: Gs (cAMP ↑)
Physiological effects: T3/T4 Prod. ↑
Regulation: TRH (+), T3/T4 (- feedback)
Diseases: Hyper/Hypo-thyroidism
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Structure: Peptide (POMC)
Synthesis: De Novo (POMC cleavage)
Storage: Vesicles
Release: Exocytosis
Transport: Free
Mechanism: Gs (cAMP ↑)
Physiological effects: Cortisol ↑
Regulation: CRH (+), Cortisol (- feedback)
Diseases: Cushing’s (Overprod.), Addison’s (Underprod.)
Prolactin (PRL)
Structure: Peptide
Synthesis: De Novo
Storage: Vesicles
Release: Exocytosis
Transport: Free
Mechanism: Membrane R. (JAK/STAT)
Physiological effects: Milk prod., breast dev.
Regulation: Dopamine (continuous inhibition), TRH (stim.)
Diseases: Hyperprolactinemia
Oxytocin
Structure: Peptide
Synthesis: De Novo @ Hypothalamus (Paraventricular nucleus)
Storage: Neurohypophysis
Release: Exocytosis
Transport: Free
Mechanism: Gq (Ca2+)
Physiological effects: Uterine contractions, milk ejection
Regulation: Neurostimuli (e.g. suckling, stretch)
Diseases: Rare clinical issues (pharma)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Structure: Peptide (Glycoprotein)
Synthesis: De Novo
Storage: Vesicles
Release: Exocytosis
Transport: Free
Mechanism: Gs (cAMP ↑)
Physiological effects:
* Male: Spermatogenesis
* Female: Follicle dev. + Estrogen ↑
Regulation: GnRH (+), Inhibin (-)
Diseases: Infertility, hypogonadism
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Structure: Peptide (Glycoprotein)
Synthesis: De Novo
Storage: Vesicles
Release: Exocytosis
Transport: Free
Mechanism: Gs (cAMP ↑)
Physiological effects:
* Male: (+) Leydig Cells so ↑ Test.
* Female: ovulation, corpus luteum formation → ↑ progesterone
Regulation: GnRH (+), sex hormones (- feedback)
Diseases: Hypogonadism, PCOS links
Growth Hormone (GH)
Structure: Peptide
Synthesis: De Novo (Adenohypophysis)
Storage: Vesicles
Release: Exocytosis
Transport: 50% Free 50% Bound
Mechanism: JAK/STAT Cytokine Pathway
Physiological effects: Growth, IGF-1 ↑, Lipolysis, Glucose Uptake ↓
Regulation: GHRH (+, Gs), Somatostatin (-, Gi)
Diseases: Gigantism, dwarfism
Insulin-like Growth Factor I-II (IGF)
Structure: Peptides
Synthesis: De Novo
Storage: Not stored
Release: Released as made
Transport: Bound
Mechanism: Tyrosine Kinase Receptor (Like insulin)
Physiological effects: Cell growth, anabolic
Regulation: GH (+, IGF-I); fetal dev. IGF-II
Diseases: N/A
Thyroid Hormones (T3, T4, rT3)
Structure: Amine
Synthesis: Iodinated tyrosine
Storage: Colloid (thyroglobulin)
Release: Proteolysis of thyroglobulin
Transport: Bound (TBG, albumin)
Mechanism: Intracellular nuclear receptor
Physiological effects: ↑ BMR, thermogenesis, growth, CNS dev.
Regulation: TSH (+), T3/T4 (- feedback)
Disease: Hyper/Hypo-thyroidism
Aldosterone
Structure: Steroid (Mineralocorticoid)
Synthesis: Cholesterol derivative
Storage: Not stored
Release: Diffusion
Transport: Bound to albumin
Mechanism: Intracellular receptor (gene transcription)
Physiological effects: Na+ reabs., K+ exc.
Regulation: RAAS (+, Ang II = Gq), ↑ K+ (+)
Disease: Conn’s (Overprod.), Addison’s (Underprod.)
Cortisol
Structure: Steroid
Synthesis: Cholesterol derived
Storage: Not stored
Release: Diffusion
Transport: Bound (CBG/transcortin)
Mechanism: Intracellular receptor
Physiological effects: Gluconeogenesis, anti-inflammatory, stress response
Regulation: ACTH (+), negative feedback
Diseases: Cushing’s (Overprod.), Addison’s (Underprod.)
Estrogens
Structure: Steroid
Synthesis: Cholesterol derived
Storage: Not stored
Release: Diffusion
Transport: Bound (Albumin)
Mechanism: Intracellular receptor
Physiological effects: Female sex ch., endometrial growht
Regulation: FSH (+) Aromatase
Diseases: Hypogonadism, PCOS
Testosterone
Structure: Steroid
Synthesis: Cholesterol derived
Storage: Not stored
Release: Diffusion
Mechanism: Intracellular receptor
Physiological effects: Male dev., libido, muscle mass
Regulation: LH (+), Test. (- feedback)
Diseases: Hypogonadism
Epinephrine
Structure: Amine
Synthesis: De Novo (Tyrosine derived)
Storage: Vesicles
Release: Exocytosis
Transport: Free
Mechanism:
* β₁, β₂ = Gs → cAMP ↑
* α₁ = Gq → Ca2+
Physiological effects: Inc. HR, Bronchodilation, Glycogenolysis
Regulation: SNS
Diseases: N/A
Norepinephrine
Structure: Amine
Synthesis: De Novo (Tyrosine derived)
Storage: Vesicles
Release: Exocytosis
Transport: Free
Mechanism:
* α₁ = Gq (Ca2+)
* α₂ = Gi (cAMP ↓)
* β₁ = Gs (cAMP ↑)
Physiological effects: Vasoconstriction, inc. BP
Regulation: SNS
Diseases: N/A
Dopamine
Structure: Amine
Synthesis: De Novo
Storage: Vesicles
Release: Exocytosis
Transport: 50% Free, 50% Bound
Mechanism
* D1 = Gs (cAMP ↑)
* D2 = Gi (cAMP ↓)
Physiological effects: Continuous inhibition of prolactin (D2), CNS modulation
Regulation: Neural stimuli (e.g. suckling = dec. Dopamine)
Diseases: Parkinson’s (Underprod.), Hyperprolactinemia (Dec. in D2 activity)
Insulin
Structure: Peptide
Synthesis: De Novo
Storage: Vesicles
Release: Exocytosis
Transport: Free
Mechanism: Tyrosine Kinase Receptor
Physiological effects: ↓ Glucose, ↑ Anabolism
Regulation:
* ↑ Glucose, GIP, GLP-1 (+)
* SNS (α2 = -)
* Parasymp (ACh = +)
Diseases: Diabetes Mellitus
Glucagon
Structure: Peptide
Synthesis: De Novo
Storage: Vesicles
Release: Exocytosis
Transport: Free
Mechanism: : Gs → ↑cAMP
Physiological effect: ↑ glucose (glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis)
Regulation: ↓ glucose (+), insulin (-), somatostatin (-)
Diseases: Glucagonoma
Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP)
Structure: Peptide
Synthesis**: De Novo
Storage: Vesicles
Release: Exocytosis
Transport: Free
Mechanism: Gs → ↑cAMP
Physiological effects: ↑ insulin secretion (incretin effect)
Regulation: Oral nutrients (+), somatostatin (-)
Disease: N/A
Glucagon Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)
Structure: Peptide
Synthesis: De Novo
Storage: Vesicles
Release: Excoytosis
Transport: Free
Mechanism: Gs → ↑cAMP
Physiological effects: ↑ insulin, ↓ glucagon, slows gastric emptying
Regulation: Nutrients (+), DPP-4 enzyme inactivates
Diseases: N/A
Somatostatin
Structure: Peptide
Syntheiss: De Novo
Storage: Vesicles
Release: Exocytosis
Transport: Free
Mechanism: Gi → ↓cAMP
Physiological effects: Inhibits insulin, glucagon, GH, TSH, GI hormones
Regulation: High glucose, amino acids, GI hormones
Diseases: Somatostatinoma
Pancreatic Polypeptide (PPP)
Structure: Peptide
Synthesis: De Novo
Storage: Vesicles
Release: Exocytosis
Transport: Free
Mechanism: Gi (cAMP ↓)
Physiological effects: Inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretion, may modulate appetite
Regulation: Fasting (+), PNS (+), Somatostatin (-)
Diseases: N/A
Ghrelin
Structure: Peptide
Synthesis: De Novo
Storage: Vesicles
Release: Exocytosis
Transport: Free
Mechanism: Gq + Gs
Physiological effects: ↑ appetite (orexigenic), ↑ GH release
Regulation: Fasting (+), feeding (-)
Diseases: Obesity = ↓ ghrelin, Prader-Willi = ↑ ghrelin
Gastrin
Structure: Peptide
Synthesis: De Novo
Storage: Vesicles
Release: Exocytosis
Transport: Free
Mechanism: Gq → Ca2+
Physiological effects: ↑ HCl secretion, mucosal growth
Regulation: Gastric distention (+), somatostatin (-), pH <3 (-)
Diseases: Gastrinoma
