- HX (hydrogen halide) - electrophilic addition

- steam + H2SO4/ H3PO4 - 300ºc + 60atm - hydration

- H2 + Ni catalyst - 150ºC - electrophilic addition/ hydrogenation

- CONC. H3PO4 or H2SO4 - HEAT - elimination/ dehydration

- X2 - UV light - free radical substitution

- excess ethanolic ammonia - HEAT - nucleophilic substitution

All Mechanisms Flashcards by Jasmine Maladi

Alkene to Haloalkane

HX (hydrogen halide)
electrophilic addition

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Alkene to alcohol

steam + H₂SO₄/ H₃PO₄
300ºc + 60atm
hydration

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Alkene to alkane

H₂ + Ni catalyst
150ºC
electrophilic addition/ hydrogenation

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Alcohol to alkene

CONC. H₃PO₄ or H₂SO₄
HEAT
elimination/ dehydration

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Alcohol to haloalkane

NaX + H₂SO₄
HEAT under reflux
nucleophilic substitution

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Haloalkane to alcohol

NaOH_(aq)
HEAT under reflux
nucleophilic substitution

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Alkane to haloalkane

X₂
UV light
free radical substitution

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Primary Alcohol to aldehyde

acidified potassium dichromate
distillation
oxidation

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Secondary alcohol to ketone

acididied potassium dichromate
HEAT under reflux
oxidation

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Primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid

acidified potassium dichromate
HEAT under reflux
oxidation

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Aldehyde to primary alcohol

NaBH₄/ H₂O
reduction

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Ketone to secondary alcohol

NaBH₄/ H₂O
reduction

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Haloalkane to nitrile

ethanolic KCN
HEAT under reflux
nucleophilic substitution

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Haloalkane to amine

excess ethanolic ammonia
HEAT
nucleophilic substitution

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Nitrile to carboxylic acid

H₂O/ HCL
HEAT
hydrolysis

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Aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

NaCN_(aq)/ H+
nucleohilic addition

Alcohol to ester

carboxylic acid/ conc. H₂SO₄
OR acid anhydride
esterification

Carboxylic acid to Ester

alcohol/ conc. H₂SO₄
esterification

Ester to carboxylate salt + alcohol

NaOH_(aq)
alkaline hydrolysis

Ester to carboxylic acid

dilute acid
HEAT
acid hydrolysis

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

SOCl₂
chlorination

Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

H₂O
hydrolysis

Acyl chloride to primary amide

ammonia
nucleophilic addition elimination

Acyl chloride to secondary amine

primary amine
nucleophilic addition elimination

Benzene to methyl benzene

- CH₃Cl/ AlCl₃ - Alkylation/ electrophilic substitution

Benzene to bromobenzene

- Br₂/FeBr₃ - bromination/electrophilic substitution

Benzene to chlorobenzene

- Cl₂/AlCl₃ - chlorination/electrophilic substitution

benzene to nitrobenzene

- conc. HNO₃/conc. H₂SO₄ - nitration/ electrophilic substitution

nitrobenzene to aminobenzene

- Sn/ conc.HCl

aminobenzene to 2,4,6 tribromoaminobenzene

- Br₂ - electrophilic substitution

benzene to phenylethanone

- CH₃COCl/ AlCl₃ - acylation/electrophilic substitution

Phenylethanone to 1-phenylethanol

- NaBH₄ - reduction

Phenol to 2-nitrophenol + 4-nitrophenol

- dilute HNO₃ - electrophilic substitution

Phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol

- Br₂ - electrophilic substitution

Phenol to phenoxide ion/salt

- NaOH - neutralisation