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All of resp bar anatomy Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 pressures inside and outside of the lungs?

A

Atmospheric, intra-alveolar, intrapleural

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of resp?

A

internal and external

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3
Q

What is internal resp?

A

Cells using O2 to make energy

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4
Q

What is external resp?

A

The movement of O2 into the blood stream for exchange of O2 and CO2

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5
Q

What does the intra alveolar pressure do?

A

Drags air into the air sacks.

must be less than atmospheric

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6
Q

What is boyles law?

A

Gas flows from high to low pressure and balances it out.

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7
Q

How does the lung inflate?

A

Intrapleural fluid cohesiveness - 2 layers of pleura with water between them and negative intrapleural pressure (between lungs and ribs) - transmural gradient

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8
Q

What nerves supply the diaphragm?

A

C3,4,5.

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9
Q

What does external intercostal muscle do?

A

Lifts ribs (active process)

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10
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

Diaphragm relaxes as do intercostal muscles

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11
Q

What is elastic tissue recoil?

A

When the lungs recoil back to their original position.

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12
Q

What keeps alveoli inflated?

A

Surfactant - against alveolar surface tension - water surface tension in alveoli.
Alveolar interdependance - connected alveoli pull each other open.

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13
Q

What is resp distress syndrome?

A

When fetal lungs dont develop enough before theyre born.

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14
Q

What is a pneumothorax?**

A

When air is in the pleural space. - Can be traumatic, spontaneous or iatrogenic.
Leads to hyperresonant note.

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15
Q

What are accessory muscles in breathing?

A

sternocleidomastoid, scalenus- forced inspiration.

Pectoral

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16
Q

What muscles are involved in active expiration

A

Abdominal muscles, internal intercoastal muscles.

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17
Q

What machine is lung volume measured with?

A

Spirometer - Measures all but RV

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18
Q

What is FVC?

A

Forced vital capacity - fully breathe in.

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19
Q

What would a restrictive lung disease do to FVC?

A

Lowers FVC

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20
Q

What is the formula for air flow in the lungs?

A

Deltapressure/resistance

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21
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation of the lungs cause?

A

Bronchoconstriction

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22
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation of the lungs cause?

A

Bronchodilation

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23
Q

What is pulmonary compliance?

A

The measure of the lung’s ability to stretch

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24
Q

What is emphysema?**

A

When theres increased compliance in the lungs - get air in lungs easily but cant get it out - shortness of breath as keep breathing in old air. - Due to alveoli being damaged.

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25
Give an example of a disease which decreases pulmonary compliance
Pulmonary fibrosis
26
What % of your energy is used for breathing?
3%
27
What is anatomical dead space?
Space in the lungs where no gas exchange happens
28
What is the structure of Hb?
4 heme, alpha and beta chains
29
What is the oxygen delivery index?
DO2I = CaO2 * CI(Cardiac index)
30
What is the formula to find the oxygen content of arterial blood
CaO2 =1.34[Hb]SaO2 SaO2 = %sat Hb
31
Whats the difference between foetal and adult Hb?
Foetal has 2 alpha 2 gamma subunits.
32
What does a fetus need 2 gamma sub units?
It interacts less with 2,3biphosphohglycerate in RBCs - hence higher affin for O2. Hence baby takes O2 from mum
33
How many heme molecules does myoglobin have?
1 - myo. Rapidly saturated.
34
What causes myoglobin formation
Muscle damage
35
What regulates asthma?
Balanced interaction between para and non sympathetic nervous systems
36
What does the sympathetic part of the nervous system do to asthma
Activates in response to stimulus eg exercise
37
What does the parasym part of the nervous system do to asthma?
Sets stuff to baseline -Contracts smooth muscle in lungs using cholinergic receptors
38
How does the sympathetic nervous system relax muscles?
Uses adrenaline from adrenal gland - opens airways up by binding to B2 adrenoreceptors. - also activate cilia to push mucous around.
39
Explain parasympathetic contraction *idk if needed*
Hormone binds to G proteins, Triggers GQ11. | Channels in sarcoplasmic retriculum open and Ca flows in. Ca leads to cell contraction.
40
Taking xrays - What is a PA image?
Posterior to anterior - back to front. - stand against wall | take shot from the back
41
What is an AP xray?
Taking a shot from the front to the back.
42
What is ACOS in relation to asthma?
ACOS - asthma and COPD overlap.
43
What is the structure of alveoli?
2 layers of cell with 1 single basement membrane
44
What _ phil is COPD mainly caused by?
Neutrophils
45
What _phil is asthma mainly caused by?
eosinophils
46
What happens in COPD?
Any obstructive lung disease brought on by smoking - emphysema, asthma and bronchitis
47
Facts about COPD
Productive cough, chronic, late onset due to smoking, Reduced FVC and TLCO
48
How is CO2 carried in the blood?
10% in solution, 60% bicarbonate, 30% carbamino
49
How is carbonic acid formed?
CO2 + H20 -> H2CO3
50
What enzyme cataslyses the formation of Carbonic acid?
Carbonic anhydrase
51
What is the haldane effect?
Removal of O2 from Hb leads to increased ability of Hb to pick up CO2
52
What drugs are used in the treatment of asthma - B2 agonists
Salbutamol, Albuterol, Terbutaline. (LABAs - Salmeterol, formoterol - 8 hours)
53
What must LABAs be administered with?
Glucocorticoid.
54
Name the drugs which are CysLT1 receptor antagonists
Montelukast, zafirlukast
55
What are xanthines?
Bronchodilators/anti inflammatory drugs - theophylline, aminophylline
56
What are corticosteroids and how do they work?
Eg glucocorticoids - eg hydrocortisone ---- stop your body pumping out inflammatory chemicals.
57
what is haemoptysis?
Coughing up blood
58
What is cyanosis?
Blueing of skin - peripheral = fingers turn bluey, | central = mouth area blue
59
What is cyanosis?
Blueing of skin - peripheral = fingers turn bluey, | central = mouth area blue
60
What is stridor?
The weird creepy wheeze on breathing in. | - caused by narrowing of the airways
61
What are the steps of a full resp exam?
Introduce yourself - step back and look at the patient. Check fingers for clubbing, temp of hands, check for tremors in the hands. Ask the patient to breathe in and out as you place your stethoscope on them and check numerous places on the chest. Do the tap thing on their chest numerous times. Grab their chest, having thumbs next to each other and ask to breathe in - checking for even breathing Same on back
62
What is a pleural effusion?**
When the lungs are compressed by a fluid. - fluid build up in pleura
63
What is an insidious disease?**
Something that develops over a long period of time.
64
What is dysphagia?
Having trouble eating
65
What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia
Stones, bones, groans, thrones(polyuria), psychiatric overtones.
66
How do you treat hypercalcemia?
Give fluid, or bisphosphonate - drug which lowers Ca conc.
67
Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone does what?
Leads to low sodium concentration - stops you peeing.
68
Myoclonus is what?
Muscle jerks or "sleep starts"
69
ICE stands for what?
Ideas, concerns, expectations
70
What does PET stand for? in pet scan
Positron emission tomography - see what uses glucose - peed out.
71
What is an endobroncial ultrasound?
Bronchoscope with ultrasound tip. Can shove a needle in to get tumor which cant be seen in the bronchus
72
What is pulmonary oedema?
Build up of fluid in the lungs
73
What is the difference between transudative and exudative pleural effusion?
Transudative - due to high blood pressure when protein is less than 30g/l. Exudative - cancer, infection eg tb. when protein greater than 30g/l
74
What is empyema?
build up of pus in the pleural cavity.
75
What are the 2 types of pleura?
Visceral (touching the lungs) and parietal - touching the ribs
76
Pleural fluid appearance
``` Straw coloured - heart failure. Bloody- trauma, cancer, infection.. Milky - empyema Foul smelling - anaerobic empyema Food - oesophageal rupture ```
77
pH of pleura landmarks
norm = 7.6, <7.3 = pleural inflammation, <7.2 need drainage
78
What is mesothelioma
cancer of the lining of organs
79
How is mesothelioma caused?
mainly asbestos
80
What is the worst type of asbestos?
crocidolite
81
how big must a rim of air be for a drain
>2cm

Resp (6 decks)

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