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Pharm 1 > All of the drugs in random order! > Flashcards

All of the drugs in random order! Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

Thiazide diuretics SE and other effects

A

Other effects:

  • Cause direct vasodilation
  • Often initial drugs for hypertension
  • Decrease Ca excretion

Side effects:

  • Hypokalemia
    • Lose K due to Na-K exchanger
  • Increase in serum LDL and triglycerides (atherosclerosis)
  • Decrease uric acid secretion→gout
  • Inhibit insulin secretion
  • Contain sulfur ions-may cause allergens
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1
Q

Calcium channel blockers

A

“-ipine”s

Inhibit Ca influx into vascular smooth m

Prevent vasoconstriction

SE:

  • Heartburn
  • May worsen heart failure
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2
Q

atracurium

A

Antinicotinic agent

non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers

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2
Q

Inhibitors of Na transport in DCT and collecting tubule

A

Triamterene

Amiloride

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2
Q

Ethanol as a diuretic

A

Mech: decrease release of ADH

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3
Q

Ethacrynic acid

A

High ceiling diuretics

Orally or parenterally

Mech of action:

Inhibit Na and Cl resorbtion from Asc. loop of Henle

More efficacious than thiazides

Clinical use:

Pts who dont respond to thiazides
Life threatening edema (pulmonary or cerebral)
Compromised renal fxn

Side effects:

Dehydration
Hypokalemia

—Used w/ K supplements or K sparing diuretics

Increased Ca excretion→Hypocalcemia
Decreased uric acid excretion→gout
Auditory nerve damage esp. if used w/ other ototoxic agents

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4
Q

Nicotine

A

Direct nicotinic agonist

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4
Q

Endothelin blockers

A

“-entan”s

Tx of pulmonary arterial hypertension

SE:

  • Fetal damage
  • Testicular atrophy
  • Hepatic toxicity
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5
Q

Aldosterone antagonists clinical use

A
  1. Used w/ other diuretics to prevent K loss
  2. To treat excess aldosterone production
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6
Q

Agents that activate beta1 receptors

A

NE

Dobutamine

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6
Q

Acetazolamide

A

Carbonic anydrase inhibitors (enzyme inhibitor)

Inhibits HCO3- resorption in PCT

Short term effect

Not used primarily as diuretic

Other uses:

  • Treats open angle glaucoma
  • Mountain sickness (by lowering CSF volume)
  • Epilepsy
    • May be due to pH in CNS
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7
Q

Cimetidine pharmacodynamics

A

Agents that act on cell membrane receptors

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8
Q

Rocuronium

A

Antinicotinic agent

non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers

Most common one

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9
Q

Spironolactone

A

K sparing diuretic

Aldosterone antagonist

Mech:

Blocks aldosterone receptor

Aldosterone is responsible for synth of Na-K exchanger

Takes days to be effective

Clinical use

Used w/ other diuretics to prevent K loss
To treat excess aldosterone production

SE

hyperkalemia
Spironolactone is a steroid and can have anti-androgenic effect (breast growth,etc)
Eplerenone-fewer interactions w/ steroid receptors

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10
Q

Aldosterone antagonists

A

K sparing diuretics

Spironolactone

Eplerenone

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11
Q

Varenicline

A

Direct partial nicotinic agonist

Binds to receptor but does not fully activate it. Thus prevents others from binding.

Anti-smoking drug b/c binds but does not have effects of nicotine

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11
Q

Non specific B1 and B2 blockers

A

Propanolol

Timolol

Levobunolol

Certeolol

Metipranolol

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11
Q

Imitinib pharmacodynamics

A

Act on specific enzymes

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11
Q

Infliximab pharmacodynamics

A

Act on specific enzymes

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12
Q

Procaine pharmacodynamics

A

Agents that act on ion channels

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12
Q

Propranolol pharmacodynamics

A

Agents that act on cell membrane receptors

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13
Q

Sarin

A

Nerve gas-direct cholinergic agonist

Irreversible AChE inhibitors

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14
Q

Scopolamine

A

Antimuscarinic agent

Blocks muscarinic receptor

Lasts 3-7 days

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14
Q

Sugammadex

A

Reverses block by rocuronium by binding directly

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16
Cyclopentolate
Antimuscarinic agent Blocks muscarinic receptor Used to dilate pupils
17
Mannitol
Osmotic diuretic Not metabolized Given IV Mech: Draws H20 into tuble and is excreted w/ H20 Clinical use: Used to maintain renal flow after renal damage Decreases intracranial pressure
17
Omeprazole pharmacodynamics
Agents that act on transport systems
18
Aldosterone antagonists mech
Blocks aldosterone receptor Aldosterone is responsible for synth of Na-K exchanger Takes days to be effective
20
Atropine
Antimuscarinic agent Blocks muscarinic receptor Lasts 7-10 days
21
Demecarium
Indirect cholinergic agonist Lasts for several hours Inhibit AChE
21
What induces the release of NE from nerve terminals?
Indirect acting amines: Amphetamine, methamphetamine Tyramine Phenylpropanolamine Pseudoephedrine
22
Prazosin pharmacodynamics
Agents that act on cell membrane receptors
24
Tetrahydrozoline (Visine)
Adrenergic agonist Activates alpha1 receptors Tx: congestion Taken intranasally
24
Aliskiren
Renin inhibitor SE: * Fetal damage * Diarrhea * Cough * Angioedema
26
Physostigmine
Indirect cholinergic agonist Lasts for several hours Inhibit AChE
27
Clonidine
Adrenergic agonist Activates alpha2 receptors Decrease symp outflow from CNS Tx: hypertension Other analogs used for glaucoma (Decrease pressure)
27
Propranolol
Tx of hypertension Nonselective Beta blocker Central and peripheral effects Mech: * Blocks B1 receptors on heart, prevents rise in HR * Decreases renin secretion * Renin converts Angiotensinogen→A1 SE: * Into CNS→Depression * Bradycardia→fatigue * Impotence * Lowers HDL, raises triglycerides * Exacerbates asthma
28
Agents that activate B2 receptors
"Nols and rols" Metaproterenol Terbutaline Fenoterol Albuterol Tx: asthma Causes bronchodilation
29
"Osin"s
Alpha 1 blockers Blocks alpha 1 receptor on vascular smooth m Tx of hypertension and some specifically treat BPH Based on the drugs he gave us: \*\*If it ends in -azosin its for hypertension\*\* \*\*If it ends in just -osin its used for BPH\*\* SE * First dose effect-rapid drop in BP→orthostatic (postural) hypotension * Do not confuse w/ first pass effect
31
Edrophonium
Indirect cholinergic agonist Doesn't last very long Inhibit AChE
31
Tropicamide
Antimuscarinic agent Blocks muscarinic receptor Used to dilate pupils
32
Inhibitors of Na transport in DCT and collecting tubule mech
K sparing diuretic Prevent Na from getting into the exchanger by blocking Na ion channel -Effects more rapid and predictable than spironolactone
32
Inhibitors of Na transport in DCT and collecting tubule SE
Hyperkalemia
32
alpha-methyl tyrosine
Tx of pheochromocytoma Central and peripheral effects Inhibits tyrosine kinase--preventing synthesis NE and epi
34
Thiazide diuretics mechanism
Inhibits Na+ transport out of the DCT. H20 follows and both are excreted High TI works w/in 2 hours
34
Furosemide
High ceiling diuretics Orally or parenterally _Mech of action:_ Inhibit Na and Cl resorbtion from Asc. loop of Henle More efficacious than thiazides _Clinical use:_ Pts who dont respond to thiazides Life threatening edema (pulmonary or cerebral) Compromised renal fxn _Side effects:_ Dehydration Hypokalemia ---Used w/ K supplements or K sparing diuretics Increased Ca excretion→Hypocalcemia Decreased uric acid excretion→gout Auditory nerve damage esp. if used w/ other ototoxic agents
35
Diazoxide
*Acts directly on smooth muscle* Opens K channels→hyperpolarization Inhibits insulin release from B cells in pancreas
37
Phenoxybenzamine
Adrenergic antagonist alpha1 receptor blocker Tx: hypertension
38
Aspirin pharmacodynamics
Act on specific enzymes
39
Fluoxetine pharmacodynamics
Acts on transport systems
40
More selective B blockers
Metoprolol Acebutolol Atenolol Betaxolol Nebivolol SE: * Fewer CNS effects * Bradycardia * Fatigue w/ exercise
41
(Hydro)Chlorothiazide
Inhibits Na+ transport out of the DCT. H20 follows and both are excreted High TI works w/in 2 hours Other effects: Cause direct vasodilation Often initial drugs for hypertension Decrease Ca excretion Side effects: * Hypokalemia * Lose K due to Na-K exchanger * Increase in serum LDL and triglycerides (atherosclerosis) * Decrease uric acid secretion→gout * Inhibit insulin secretion * Contain sulfur ions-may cause allergens
42
Amiloride
K sparing diuretic Inhibitors of Na transport in DCT and collecting tubule _Mech_: Prevent Na from getting into the exchanger by blocking Na ion channel -Effects more rapid and predictable than spironolactone _SE:_ Hyperkalemia
42
Hydralazine
*Act directly on smooth muscle* Arterial vasodilator Increase in cGMP→relaxes smooth m SE: * Slow acetylators→lupus like syndrome
44
High ceiling diuretics
Furosemide, ethacrynic acid, bumetanide, torsemide * Orally or parenterally
46
Bethanechol
Direct muscarinic agonist
47
High Ceiling diuretics SE
* Dehydration * Hypokalemia * Used w/ K supplements or K sparing diuretics * Increased Ca excretion→Hypocalcemia * Decreased uric acid excretion→gout * Auditory nerve damage esp. if used w/ other ototoxic agents
48
Minoxidil
*Acts directly on smooth muscle* Prodrug Opens K channels in arterial smooth m, increased efflux→hyperpolarization Very refractory px SE: * Hypertrichosis-hair growth * Rogaine * Discontinuation→hair loss * Edema and pericardial effusion→cardiac tamponade * Fluid in sac around heart
50
Neostigmine
Indirect cholinergic agonist Lasts for several hours Inhibit AChE
51
Fenoldopam
Activate D1 receptors Given IV for HT emergencies
53
Pralidoxime
If given early can reduce any perm. damage caused by organophosphate AChE inhibitors
54
Morphine pharmacodynamics
Agents that act on cell membrane receptors
55
Nifedipine pharmacodynamics
Agents that act on ion channels
56
How do anticancer drugs work?
Binds non-specifically to large molecules
57
Combined alpha and beta blockers
Block alpha1, beta1, and beta2 Labetalol Carvedilol SE: * Postural hypotension * Dry mouth
58
Specific B1 receptor blockers
"olol"s Metoprolol Acebutolol Alprenolol Atenolol Esmolol Betaxolol Nebivolol These decrease HR
58
Minoxidil pharmacodynamics
Agents that act on ion channels
59
Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers that are antinicotinic agents are derived from?
curare
60
Nitroprusside
*Acts directly on smooth muscle* Drug of choice in hypertensive emergencies Acts w/in seconds--given IV Dilates art and veins→drop in BP increases cGMP→relaxation Rapidly degrades in soln into cyanide
62
Eplerenone
K sparing diuretic Aldosterone antagonist _Mech: _ Blocks aldosterone receptor Aldosterone is responsible for synth of Na-K exchanger Takes days to be effective _Clinical use_ Used w/ other diuretics to prevent K loss To treat excess aldosterone production _SE_ hyperkalemia Spironolactone is a steroid and can have anti-androgenic effect (breast growth,etc) Eplerenone-fewer interactions w/ steroid receptors
63
Bumetanide
High ceiling diuretics Orally or parenterally _Mech of action:_ Inhibit Na and Cl resorbtion from Asc. loop of Henle More efficacious than thiazides _Clinical use:_ Pts who dont respond to thiazides Life threatening edema (pulmonary or cerebral) Compromised renal fxn _Side effects:_ Dehydration Hypokalemia ---Used w/ K supplements or K sparing diuretics Increased Ca excretion→Hypocalcemia Decreased uric acid excretion→gout Auditory nerve damage esp. if used w/ other ototoxic agents
64
Naphazoline
Adrenergic agonist Activates alpha1 receptors Tx: congestion Taken intranasally
66
alpha-methyl NE
Adrenergic agonist Activates alpha2 receptors Decrease symp outflow from CNS Tx: hypertension Other analogs used for glaucoma (Decrease pressure)
67
Malathion
Insecticide-cholinergic agonist Irreversible AChE inhibitors
69
Torsemide
High ceiling diuretics Orally or parenterally _Mech of action:_ Inhibit Na and Cl resorbtion from Asc. loop of Henle More efficacious than thiazides _Clinical use:_ Pts who dont respond to thiazides Life threatening edema (pulmonary or cerebral) Compromised renal fxn _Side effects:_ Dehydration Hypokalemia ---Used w/ K supplements or K sparing diuretics Increased Ca excretion→Hypocalcemia Decreased uric acid excretion→gout Auditory nerve damage esp. if used w/ other ototoxic agents
70
Tranylcypromine pharmacodynamics
Act on specific enzymes
72
Tacrine
Indirect cholinergic agonist Alzheimer's tx
73
High Ceiling diuretics clinical use
* Pts who dont respond to thiazides * Life threatening edema (pulmonary or cerebral) * Compromised renal fxn
74
Cocaine pharmacodynamics
Acts on transport systems
75
Clonidine
Central alpha-2 agonist _SE:_ Depression Drowsiness Dry mouth Impaired Ejac. _Unlabeled uses:_ * Fibromyalgia-unspecified neuronal pain * Insomnia * Tourettes * Opiate withdrawal
76
Succinylcholine
Direct nicotinic agonist Antinicotinic agent-Depolarizing neuromuscular blocker Long duration of action compared to acetylcholine Initially activates receptor, eventually muscle hyperpolarization then paralysis
78
High Ceiling diuretics mechanism
Mech of action: * Inhibit Na and Cl resorbtion from Asc. loop of Henle More efficacious than thiazides
79
Echothiophate
Indirect cholinergic agonist Lasts for 100s hours Phosphorylates AChE
80
Reserpine
Tx of HT Central and peripheral effects/effector of post-ganglionic neuron Causes depletion of post ganglionic neuron nt (NE)→ No vasoconstriction SE: depression, drowsiness, diarrhea
81
Insulin
Agents that act on cell membrane receptors
83
Phenylephrine
Adrenergic agonist Activates alpha1 receptors Tx: congestion Taken intranasally
85
Homatropine
Antimuscarinic agent Blocks muscarinic receptor Used to dilate pupils
86
Pancuronium
Antinicotinic agent non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers
87
ACE inhibitors
"-pril"s ACE responsible for A1→A2 ACE responsible for bradykinin breakdown Leads to decreased aldosterone secretion SE: * Rash * Dry cough that cant be treated with suppressants * Angioneurotic edema-swelling of nose, throat, resp tract * Taste alteration * Fetal damage
88
Thiazide diuretics
Chlorothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide
90
Triamterene
K sparing diuretic Inhibitors of Na transport in DCT and collecting tubule _Mech:_ Prevent Na from getting into the exchanger by blocking Na ion channel -Effects more rapid and predictable than spironolactone _SE:_ Hyperkalemia
90
Alpha-methyl DOPA
Central alpha-2 agonist Prodrug: metabolized to alpha-methyl NE _SE:_ Depression Drowsiness Dry mouth Impaired Ejac. Hepatic dysfunction
91
Angiotensin receptor blockers
"-Artan"s SE: * Decrease secretion of aldosterone * Fetal abnormalities * All agents that alter angiotensin system * Pregnancy risk X
92
Prazosin
Adrenergic antagonist alpha1 receptor blocker Tx: hypertension
93
Donepezil
Indirect cholinergic agonist Alzheimer's tx
94
Heparin pharmacodynamics
Act on specific enzymes
95
Epinephrine
Works on all adrenergic receptors Causes increased HR, etc. etc.
97
Nitroglycerin pharmacodynamics
Act on specific enzymes
98
Aldosterone antagonists SE
* hyperkalemia * Spironolactone is a steroid and can have anti-androgenic effect (breast growth,etc) * Eplerenone-fewer interactions w/ steroid receptors
100
Muscarine
Direct muscarinic agonist
101
Pilocarpine
Direct muscarinic agonist
102
Methotrexate pharmacodynamics
Act on specific enzymes
103
Methylxanthines
Caffeine increase glomerular filtration rate
104
Ipratropium
Antimuscarinic agent Blocks muscarinic receptor
105
How does ethanol work?
Binds non-specifically to large molecules Protein denaturance

Pharm 1 (8 decks)

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