All Over Essentials Flashcards by Patrick Thornley

What is nephrotic syndrome? (3 main points)

Proteinuria
Hypoalbuminaemia
Oedema

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Give the main triggers of migraines?

CHOCOLATE
Cheese/chocolate
Hangovers
Oral Contraceptive Pill
Caffeine
Orgasms
Lie-ins
Alcohol
Travel
Exercise

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What are the symptoms of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?

Frequency
Urgency
Hesitancy
Incomplete Bladder Voiding
Post-void dribbling

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What can cause Peripheral Neuropathy? (5)

DAVID
Diabetes
Alcohol
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Infection
Drugs (Isoniazid)

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What will be seen in the CT scan of somebody with a subdural haemorrhage? (2 marks)

Crescent Shaped Mass

Midline Shift

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Which neutrons are affected in Huntington’s chorea?

GABA and Cholinergic neurons

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Which cancer most commonly metastasises to the brain?

Lung

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Name an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

GABA

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60 year old female, new onset headache - doesn’t go away with painkillers, tenderness when brushing hair and pain in jaw when eating. What is the diagnosis and what is the treatment - how urgent?

Giant Cell Arteritis - Needs urgent high dose steroids such as IV Methylprednisolone - can cause permanent blindness

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What are the signs of bacterial meningitis?

Fever, Positive Kernigs Sign, Non blanching rash

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What is the ethology of multiple sclerosis?

Chronic Autoimmune Disorder of the CNS

Plaques of Demyelination - common sites are optic nerves, brainstem, cervical spinal cord

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What is Amaurosis Fugax ?

In a TIA , emboli passes into retinal artery and forms ‘a curtain descending over field of vision’

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What organisms commonly cause pyelonephritis? What drugs would be used to treat it?

E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus

Use Empirical Antibiotics - Ciprofloxacin or co-amoxiclav

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How is Parkinson’s disease treated pharmacologically? (2)

Levodopa and dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor

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What can trigger a tension headache?

Fumes/Smells
Stress
Noise
Concentrated Visual Effort

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What are the three criteria for Acute Kidney Injury?

Rise in creatinine of more than 26micromol/l in 48 hours
Rise in creatinine of more than 1.5 x baseline
Urine output of more than 0.5 ml/kg/h for more than 6 consecutive hours

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What are the symptoms of raised intracranial pressure (3 marks)?

Headache
Seizures
Vomiting

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What kind of inheritance pattern does Polycystic Kidney Disease follow?

Autosomal Dominant

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What investigations would be performed if you suspect a subarachnoid haemorrhage, what would you see?

CT Head - White star shape

Lumbar Puncture - Xanthochromia (yellow)

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What are the 4 main traits of Parkinsons Disease?

Tremor
Rigidity
Bradykinesia
Postural Instability

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Where are the three most common places for renal calculi to get stuck?

Pelviureteric Junction
Pelvic Brim
Vesicoureteric Junction

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What is nephritic syndrome? (4 main points)

Haematuria (more blood in urine than nephrotic, red cell casts, podocytes develop large pores so blood and protein can escape into urine)
Proteinuria
Hypertension
Low Urine Volume

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Which organisms commonly cause meningitis?

Viral: Herpes Simplex Virus, Epstein Barr Virus, HIV, Mumps
Bacterial: Neisseria Meningitides, Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Listeria Monocytogenes

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What are the contraindications for thrombolysis? (4 marks)

Surgery in last three months
Patient on warfarin
History of active malignancy
Platelets (less than 100,000/mm3)

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How are Ischaemic Strokes managed? (4 marks)

Thrombolysis - IV Alteplase must be given within 4.5 hours 2nd line - aspirin 300mg for 2 weeks, then clopidogrel Rehabilitation: Physio, OT, SALT Risk Factor Management

A Man presents with muscle weakness in both of his legs. The weakness started in his feet and is now spreading to his thighs. You see in his GP notes he recently attended with glandular fever. What could be hi diagnosis?

Guillan Barré Syndrome

Which organism most commonly causes urinary tract infections?

E. coli

In what condition will the scrotum feel like a 'bag of worms'?

Varicocoele

Name three causes of Subarachnoid Haemorrhages?

Berry Aneurysm Arteriovenous Malformations Idiopathic

What is the commonest type of primary brain tumour?

Astrocytoma

What are the two classes of drug given to treat BPH? Give examples of each.

Alpha Blockers - Tamsulosin | 5-alpha reductase inhibitors - Finasteride

How is Bacterial Meningitis treated?

Treat first, investigate later Benzylpenicillin in community Cefotaxime in hospital Contact Tracing

How are urinary tract infections managed?

Plenty of Fluids - urinate often | Can use trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin

40 year old male smoker - sudden excruciating pain around one eye - 5 episodes in last week and wakes him from sleep - what is diagnosis? What is the treatment?

Cluster Headaches Treat with 100% O2 and sumatriptan at onset Prevent with Verapamil

What are the four types of multiple sclerosis?

Relapsing Remitting Primary Progressive Secondary Progressive Progressive Relapsing

How are TIA's managed?

Control of Risk Factors: hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, stop smoking 1st line: Clopidogrel (PY12 Inhibitor)

What treatment can slow the progression of Motor Neurone Disease?

Riluzole (Sodium Channel Blocker)

How is epilepsy treated?

Focal - With Carbamazepine which inhibits sodium channels or lamotrigine which inhibits glutamate release Generalized: Sodium Valproate or Lamotrigine

How do brain tumours present?

Headache (+ Papilloedema) Seizures Progressive Neurological Deficit

Which article is most commonly affected in an extradural haemorrhage?

Middle Meningeal Artery

What is used to treat Encephalitis?

High dose IV Acyclovir

Which haemorrhage is caused most commonly by trauma, how soon is the onset?

Subdural haemorrhage - days to weeks

What is often described as the 'worst headache ever' or a 'thunder-clap headache' with photophobia, seizures, nausea/vomiting?

Subarachnoid Haemorrhage

Which investigations should be performed when extradural haemorrhage is suspected?

CT Head - Lentiform shaped mass X Ray may show fracture NEVER LUMBAR PUNCTURE

What are the four features of the gait of somebody with Parkinson's ?

Reduced arm swing on one side Shuffling Stooped Posture Difficulty Starting

How long after a trauma would subdural and extradural haemorrhages present?

Subdural - days to weeks later | Extradural - about 12 Horus later (Think of that Natasha woman)

What would be seen on microscopy of the blood of somebody experiencing acute inflammation?

Neutrophil Polymorph

Define granulomatous inflammation?

An aggregate of epithelioid histocytes with or without giant cells

What is a granuloma?

Epithelioid Macrophages surrounded by mature lymphocytes

Name the two types of granuloma and give examples of each?

Caseating (with necrosis) - TB | Non-caseating (without necrosis) - Crohns Disease

Name an anti-viral medication?

Acyclovir

Which gene is associated with apoptosis?

P53

Name 4 of the Wilson Junger screening criteria? (9 in total)

- the condition should be an important health problem - the natural history of the condition should be understood - there should be a recognisable latent or early symptomatic stage - there should be a test that is easy to perform and interpret, acceptable, accurate, reliable, sensitive and specific - there should be an accepted treatment recognised for the disease - treatment should be more effective if started early - there should be a policy on who should be treated diagnosis and treatment should be cost-effective case-finding should be a continuous process

What are the three cancer screening programmes available in the UK?

Cervical Breast Bowel

How are Venous and Arterial Thrombi differentiated?

Venous: Statis, Fibrin, Low Pressure, Treated with Anticoagulants (Warfarin, Heparin) and Direct Acting Oral Anticoagulants (Rivaroxiban) Arterial: Platelets, High Pressure, Anti-Platelet Medication such as Clopidogrel and Aspirin

What is the adenoma-carcinoma sequence?

APC, RAS, P53

How is an acute Migraine immediately managed?

Sumatriptan

What is the most common cause of Bacterial Meningitis in Neonates?

Group B Streptococcus

What would be seen in the blood of somebody suffering with Bacterial Meningitis?

Raised Protein, Low Glucose

What are the features of the Tetralogy of Fallot?

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) Pulmonary Stenosis Right Ventricular Hypertrophy The aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect, accepting right heart blood.

All Over Essentials Flashcards

(60 cards)