All the Tudors par Henry VIII Flashcards

Question

Mary I Loss of Calais

Answer 1

Loss of Calais Pope Paul IV, Pope as of 1555, wanted to drive Spanish from Naples Declares war on Philip II in Jan 1557 —> Wife of excommunicated enemy Britain enters war Jan 1558, Duke of Guise besieges Calais Mary had disbanded fleet so Calais’ garrison could not withstand the siege. Calais surrenders Calais was Britain’s last continental possession and Britains means of engaging in the wool trade

Answer 2

Mary dies November 7th 1558 ``` Loss of Calais Loss of Husband Childless Failure to reconcile England and Rome Knew that successor would be the daughter of a heretic (Anne B.) ```

Answer 3

SPAIN Philip II claimed right to rule and wanted Elizabeth as his wife ‘her only hope of preserving the peace was to commit herself to either party and to let each imagine her to be its champion. FRANCE& SCOTLAND Mary QoS Mary QoS became Queen of France in 1559 when husband (Francis II) became king Claim on English throne Philip II (Sp) would not let France dominate England Mary imprisoned at Holyrood when she returns to Scotland on the death of Francis I (1560) in 1561 Scotland Catholic Gentry Catholic, people Protestant Lords of the Congregation: powerful nobles who became Protestant Didn’t like Knox, but needed to combat Catholicism Sends fleet to leith, makes Lords of the Congregation masters of Scotland

Answer 4

William Cecil, Lord Burghley Cautious and Tactful Justified signature on Jane Grey’s succession document to Mary as a forced witness, concealed Protestant religion Remained Elizabeth’s right hand man for the whole reign

Answer 5

Finance New coin minted that was worth its face value In five years, national debt reduced from £270 000 to £17 000 Creditors now offered England loans at much better rates Prices were fixed at fair rates in the shires in 1563 Wool industry aided by law declaring that people aged 6yrs+ must all wear a wool cap on Sundays Days for meat eating restricted to aid fishermen

Answer 6

French Huguenots French Calvinists, followers of Jean Chauvin (John Calvin) Aided by Elizabeth in 1562 in hope that they would eventually aid her in re-capturing Calais Frightened at the prospect of an english invasion of France —> Peace with Catherine de’Medici —> Elizabeth withdraws troops from Normandy Elizabeth realises she must make peace with French Catholics Francis Walsingham sent to make peace Promises to marry Anjou (Catherine’s son) —> Treaty of Blois Catherine attempts murder of Huguenot leader, Admiral Coligny, fails —> Panic —> Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of 10 000 Elizabeth upholds treaty but is now hesitant about marrying Anjou (c.f. Mary)

Answer 7

Spanish Protestants Not in Spain, but in the Netherlands Charles V invests son (Philip II) with sovereignty of 17 Providences of Burgundian Netherlands Protestantism appealed to independent nature of the Protestant lands Duke of Alva sent in 1567 —> persecution —> rebellion led by William of Orange Philip too busy suppressing this rebellion to invade England Elizabeth aided them, allowing them to hide their ships at Dover, giving them subsidies, allowing Englishmen to enlist in their army Simaltenously sent Walsingham to negotiate peace between William and a representative of Philip II

Answer 8

Elizabeth and Parliament Parliament disagreed with Elizabeth on some matters Wanted war with Spain Wanted Elizabeth to marry “They should do well to meddle with no matters of State but such as should be propounded to them” - these were ‘mysteries of state’ (Guy) Freedom of speech seen as right to say ‘yes’ or ‘no’, not what you thought generally

Answer 9

Pope wanted to encourage opposition to Elizabeth in England 1579 sends Thomas Stukley to organise opposition in Ireland Earl of Desmond raises Munster Philip of Spain sends 600 to capture Smerwick —> defeated quickly, but disorder in Munster for four years Scotland Esme Stuart sent to Scotland to convert James VI James recognises that he would forfit his right to succession if he converted, Esme leaves in 1582 England Father Parsons petitions Pope to send order for revolt there —> Jesuit priests persecuted and banished by Act of 1581, some 200 executed in her reign ‘for safety’s sake’ - 306

Answer 10

1584, a turning point? William of Orange assassinated, Duke of Parma might subdue the Netherlands Henry III, son of Catherine de Medici and King of France, had no sons. Younger brother died —> Henry of Navarre is heir —> French Catholics rally around Henry III to exclude Henry of Navarre League allied with Spain who sent troops = neutrality. Therefore, Spanish could attack England

Answer 11

The End of Mary QoS 1585, James VI recognised officially as heir Conspiracy with Anthony Babington, Father Ballard (Jesuit) and Mary to free her and invite Spanish invasion was arranged whilst she stayed at Chardley Castle Why did Walsingham wait for the plot to ‘mature’ - 308 French had accord with Philip, Mary’s life no longer assured safety from Spanish forces 1584, Association agreement among gentry to execute anyone conspiring against her life - people on Elizabeth’s side Elizabeth hesitant No English opposition to Mary’s execution, as treason was too far. Executed Feb 8th 1587

Answer 12

Context for the Spanish Armada 1585, sends Francis Drake to West Indies to aid pirates there. They sack Domingo and Cartagena 1587, Spanish ports are constructing an Armada force. Walsingham tells Drake, who sails into Cadiz harbour and sinks 37 Spanish ships. 1588, fleet: 160 vessels 2600 guns 8000 sailors 22 000 soldiers Commandd by Marquis of Santa Cruz Confrontation 14 000 Soldiers assembled at Tilbury Fleet at plymouth June 14th, Armada sighted Fleet manages not to be pinned in the harbour, but gets between the Armada and the coast Duke of Medina Sidonia in charge, inexperienced (Santa Cruz dead) Did not attack plymouth harbour, didn’t know it was empty Armada lured away from Calais by fire ships, and sent into high sea Battle of Gravelines August 8th 1588 Victory. Those that landed in Ireland butchered Half the fleet returns

Answer 13

Naval War with Spain 1589-1604 War continued, Spain continued to grow stronger with her empire Had gained East Indies, Malabar Coast, Algiers, Brazil Missionary expansion of Jesuits into South America, China, Japan Raids against Spain 1589, 1595, 1596 Still threat of Spanish provoking insurrection in Ireland

Answer 14

``` (Richard III preceded) Henry VII 1485-1529 Henry VIII 21 April 1509 – 28 January 1547 Edward VI 28 January 1547 – 6 July 1553 Jane I 10 July 1553 – 19 July 1553[2] Mary I July 1553– 17 November 1558 Elizabeth I 17 November 1558 – 24 March 1603 (James I followed) ```

Answer 15

Neale: Dedicated group of puritans trying to reform government G.R. Elton dismisses this on lack of evidence

Answer 16

ON THE RELIGIOUS SETTLEMENT OF 1559 Haigh: “Queen had tried to contain conservative opposition in the Lords, not radical pressure in the Commons”

Answer 17

PRESBYTERIANISM Collinson: “Presbyterians' were only a minority and their organisation was broken by 1590. Non Presbyterian Protestants were much more numerous and should be seen as part of mainstream Elizabethan Protestantism” Stems from debate in the 1560’s over the survival of RCism–McGrath+Bossy vs. Haigh+Doran Bossy: “seminary priests were critical in saving Roman Catholicism from extinction and created a ‘new’ Roman Catholic community which owed much to continental influences” Haigh: “Influence of Seminary Priests much exaggerated –as has the growth of recusansy, Mission brought nothing new to English R.Catholicism and made numerous mistakes, turning existing Roman Catholic groups throughout the country into a ‘rump community’ confined to the gentry families in the North” Suggests that the Priests do not go further than the S.East as have come from ferry ports. “Impact is little, littered with errors” Doran: “Says Haigh right in some respects eg: Idea of continuity between RC Communities of 1560’s and recusants of 1570’s and 1580’s. Agrees with Haigh that Priests did not bring with them a new form of ‘continental RCism’ Agrees that Priests did make some mistakes. Thinks Haigh to harsh in criticising over-reliance on gentry” Agrees that not enough go North and that they waste too much time with gentry in private chapels. 'Doran: “Polarisation in Catholicism, increasing numbers conforming contrasted to those who are still recusants. Further into the reign more pressure is applied on Catholics, and it becomes harder to retain commitment to Catholicism, especially with the appointment of new Protestant ministers in the 1580’s. More hard-line people dig their heels in and magistrates + informers keep an eye on priests and prominent Catholics.

Answer 18

The Puritan Threat in Parliament Neale: That an influential group between 12 and 16 Marian exiles led a Puritan Choir of perhaps 100 MPs. At times they were exceptionally powerful, for example Neale argued that in 1559 as a result of their leadership and pressure they forced a conservative minded Elizabeth to make a more Protestant religious settlement that she wanted. The Puritan Choir is presented as continuously pressurising Elizabeth during every Parliamentary meeting, i.e.: Strickland’s 1571 Bill Wentworth’s 1576 attacks on clerical abuses Turner 1584 Bill for a Presbyterian structure Turner’s 1587 ‘Bill and Book’ (Cope’s Bill) He argued that they made a significant contribution to the development of parliamentary opposition, and that it was an organised group who arranged meetings and tactics. He argues that they were responsible for the long term rise of the Commons and thus a cause of the Civil Wars. His Evidence Much of the evidence for the existence of the Puritan Choir rests with the unreliable work of a seventeenth century Puritan sympathiser Simond D’Ewes, whose interests were highly partisan and ideas based on anonymous diaries. Neale as well took a Satirical Poem of 1566 as evidence for the existence of the Puritan Choir. The Revisionist View Due to recent research into Parliament, there now appears to be a consensus among historians that Neale’s views are unrealistic. Elton, Graves, Loach and Jones have rejected his views and created a new interpretation. It seems that the Puritan Choir did not actually exist and that the influence of extreme Puritans who fled Marian persecution was greatly overstated by Neale. The strength of Puritans in the Commons was hugely overplayed by Neale. Doran and others argue that rather than a radical Puritan leadership enjoying the support and confidence of the House, the few individuals were unrepresentative, speaking mainly for themselves Wentworth was sent to the Tower in 1576 not by the Queen (Neale) but by the House itself. The Commons did not even make a formal protest when Elizabeth had Cope and 4 other MPs sent to the Tower in 1587 after Cope’s Bill. No evidence of Marian exiles being a large group (about 4 genuine– Loach) others were incoherent set of individuals who did not provide leadership. The perceived influence of Puritans over elections in the Commons was overstated by Neale. Successes were limited to very small boroughs under the influence of lay Puritan patrons, failed even in Puritan strongholds of Essex and Suffolk (Doran).

Answer 19

Parliament (House of Commons) Traditional View: Parliament was an evolutionary body Orthodox View: Parliament was an increasingly assertive body with continual opposition (Neale) Revisionist View: Parliament’s legislative role most important, co-operation key theme (Elton) Post-Revisionist: Focusing on Political aspect which was to put pressure on EI 1560’s Privy Council using Parliament to oppose Elizabeth Legislative role important as well. Fairly harmonious but issues arise. Not increasingly assertive and coherent (Graves) MAJOR OPPOSITION RELIGION (1559/71/87) MARRIAGE (1563/67) SUCCESSION (1584/86) PARLIAMENTARY PRIVELEDGE (1598) Graves: “When there were clashes, they were of no long term significance mostly because the opposition was neither organised nor strong enough to prevent a serious challenge to the Queen Elton: “Stressed the role in the House of Lords, rather than Commons in initializing legislation. This was particularly true after 1571 when Cecil moved to the Lords. “Many of the members of the upper house had such powers of patronage that they were able to control or influence members of the Commons and ensure that they did their bidding. They limited the lower House’s independence”

Answer 20

Marriage Haigh: “She did not want to hand over any political power to a husband because of women’s position at time. 1561 was a turning point, due to Dudley’s wife dying in ‘mysterious circumstances’ rumours grew and Elizabeth finally heeded Cecil’s advice not to marry Dudley” Diplomatic manoeuvres used for political advantage and Elizabeth probably intended to remain single. Doran: “Unexplained, she never ruled out the possibility of marriage and acknowledged that it was her duty to provide an heir in the first half of her reign. Image of the ‘virgin Queen’ was not deliberate. She did not need to be married to appear as a good ruler” A foreign marriage raised many issues, xenophobia and politically, and she may be dragged into wars and pay, a husband may take Queen out of country leaving a viceroy. Birth of male child might threaten England’s national independence. Many people spoke out against foreign candidates. Plowden: “Suggests early experience of the correlation between sex and violent death was deep in her subconscious” Taylor Smith: Elizabeth adopts a male role of dominance, aggression etc. which made it impossible for the subservient role of marriage” Alvaro de la Quadra (Sp. Ambassador): “Elizabeth is unhealthy and cannot conceive and bear children” Dudley + Queen tried to murder his wife. Jordan: “Avoided marriage due to the risk of losing control like Mary I, not marrying elevated her rank as a female ruler” Hurstfield: “Marriage and motherhood would temporarily limit the authority and power to rule – she would hate this”

Answer 21

Faction Camden, Neale, Read: Emphasised E’s skill in balancing factions at her court. Revisionist View Haigh: She used it for: Showing off to public/foreign visitors Develop relationships between major courtiers Flattery and Political Loyalty 1560’s Dudley was a political threat as he was an important religious and military patron. Broadly the Queen controls these factions (Dudley and Cecil) His criticisms or Elizabeth and her management of the court. Competition in court was too intense. Produces childlike behaviour and near dangerous (eg Essex 1597 doesn’t get promoted & stays away from court and parliament, sulking). However it was always likely to emerge as courtiers want to advance.

Answer 22

Implemented in the summer of 1559 Crux of Elizabethan Church, establishing a set form of worship. The Prayer books of Edward VI were fused into one, and were to be used in every church in the land. Church attendance on Sundays and holy days was made compulsory. The wording of the Communion was to be vague so that Protestants and Catholics could both participate, Had trouble getting passed through Parliament. A large number of the Parliament, extremists on both sides, opposed the bill

Answer 23

- 1558 - War with France - Risk of War with France diminished by: a) Rebellion in Scotland that was anti-French b) Death of Henry II (His successor, Francis, is only 15) - Death of Henry II --> Charles IX (1530) who is anti-Huguenot - Marriage? Possible Marriage with Henry of Anjou. Dies 1582, presumptive heir (to French throne) is now Protestant = Catholics ally with Spain - 1594, 20 000 sent to bolster French vs Phillip of Span + French Catholics (French wars of Religion 1562-1598, ends Edict of Nantes

Answer 24

- England and Spain initially allies. Philip of Span had married Mary I and thought he might marry Elizabeth - Elizabeth Protestant --> No longer possibility of marriage - Charles V Abdicates 1555, possessions split: Philip II gets NETHERLANDS AND SPAIN Ferdinand gets GERMANY AND AUSTRIA Maximillian - HRE - Spanish suppression of Protestant revolt in the Netherlands --> 1570s, English rebels aided - 1575, spain bankrupt, Netherlands unite - Southern Union of Arras (1579) vs Union of Utrecht (1581) - 1484, R. Dudley sent to netherlands with 7000 troops to assist protestants but little success

Answer 25

- Mary QoS hostile but French (allies of Scots) were Catholic - Elizabeth sends in John Knox and Enlish troops when French troops are sent to garrison Scottish forts (Treaty of Berwick) - Treaty of Edinburgh 1660 removes French troops from Scottish garrisons - Mary QoS murders Darnley (Feb 67) and runs off with James Hepburn - -> Opposition from Confederate Lords --> Abdicates 1567 - Elizabeth, stronger with an unstable Scotland, holds Mary under 'honourable imprisonment' - Mary attracts plots: Northern Rising (1569) Ridolfi Plot (1570) Babingdon Plot (1572) --> Executed 1587 - James IV becomes king of Scotland --> Regency of James Stuart 1st Earl of Moray --> Scotland a pacified ally from 1580

All the Tudors par Henry VIII Flashcards

(49 cards)