Reformation Flashcards

Question

How did Europe Respond to the Schmalkaldic League

Answer 1

How did Europe Respond to the Schmalkaldic League Pope busy at war with Spain in 1527 Charles V at war with France and papacy ‘The Counter Reformation, if considered solely as a political and not a religious force, failed in part because some Catholics would’ve found the end of the Protestants a calamity.’ Could be potentially important political allies Catholic territories and princes threatened by the Ottoman Turks in the East of Europe

Answer 2

Religious reform ‘shift’ from ‘external’ religion (ceremonialism) to ‘inward worship’ Changes Vernacular bible German priests given right to marry monks and nuns free to leave if they wished German hymns Babylonish Captivity (1520 Treaty) put into action Sacraments reduced from 7 to 3 Consubstantiation> Transubstantiation

Answer 3

Nature of change | Not a new church, but a purification of the old Catholic church

Answer 4

Augsburg Confession (1530) 28 Articles affirming Lutheran faith and correcting abuses ie both sacraments, priests may marry Greater and Little catechisms (1528) prayers, graces, hymns For adults and children ‘foundation of parochial instruction and of religion in the home’

Answer 5

Melanchthon Helped to consolidate Lutheranism Ausburg Confession and Apology drafted by Philip Melanchthon Wrote Instructions for Visitors (1528) an elementary education treaty adopted in 56 cities

Answer 6

Structure of the Lutheran Churches Proper reform would take time Proper reform required aid of the law When Luther visited parishes, ‘he took with him one theologian and three lawyers’ Made easier by the vacuum left by the church A case of taking power that was ‘slipping’ from the hand of the church, not wrestling with it

Answer 7

Philip of Hesse Married at 19, had mistresses afterwards and after his Protestant conversion 17 y/o mistress, wanted to dissolve 1st marriage and take her as second. Dissolve marriage or a) live in sin b) go to rome for dispensation Luther didn’t want Rome having a hand in it so Luther consents Later claims that he wouldn’t have consented had he known about the multiple mistresses Secret gets out —> Scandal

Answer 8

``` Significance It would not be naive to suppose that he achieved in a moment what the medieval church had failed to achieve over centuries German Bible, hymns, catechisms, mass Spread of the Bible 100 000 Bibles 1534-84 ```

Answer 9

Zwingli Zurich influenced by Luther —> Bishop of Constance ignored —> Reform 1522-25 Zwingli’s claims Had been reforming since before, and independent of, Luther True? Not true, Zurich was equally affected as was every other city However, ‘The reformation did not spring from Luther, it sprang from those conditions of the church and those states of mind which made Luther possible’ His reform more motivated by humanism and concern for proper order than piety and zeal For Zwingli, service could only contain that explicitly sanctioned by script (near quote) Wanted to remove the ‘sacrificial’ element of the eucharist and the notion of Christ’s ‘real’ presence ‘not vehicles for a present Christ, but signs of a Christ present by faith’ Needed unity amongst Protestants __> Colloquy of Marburg Fundemantal disagreements on the nature of the eucharistic bread and wine No reconciliation until death of Zwingli in 1531

Answer 10

Zurich reformation: McCollough Old church: body and blood were bread and wine, altar most sacred place With the reformation, Bread and wine not transformed. Gospel said he ascended so he cannot be here too. Only symbolic Contradicted Luther Lutherans Reformed Radicals Anglicans

Answer 11

Bucer - Proto - calvinist? Wanted reconciliation of Lutherans and Zwinglians Brought to align beliefs with Zwingli; that impossible for the eucharist to serve as vehicle for physical body of christ BUT also believes Luther’s argument that ‘God’s humanity’ is conveyed in the act Solution? not ‘in’ the gift but with it —> receptionism Calvin worked under Bucer whilst exiled from Geneva in 1538-41 - influenced?

Answer 12

John Calvin (Jean Chauvin) Background Born Noyon, 1509 Studied at University of Paris/ in Orleans Publishes edition of Seneca’s De clementia in 1532 —> Flees to Basle The Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) Passing through Geneva by chance, persuaded to stay by William Farell, who had started the Protestant reformation of Geneva Proposes reforms in Geneva for the organisation and administration of the church Exiled until 1541, then publishes Ecclesiastical Ordinances

Answer 13

Calvinist ideas of authority Wheras Luther wanted decentralised power in the church, away from the Pope and the power for salvation within each person with the Priesthood of all Believers, Calvin wanted a ‘rightly called and purified ministry’ Wanted to organise it in the image of the Primitive church (near direct) Overview Not elected; pastors chose pastors Senior clergy were disciplinarians Councils could appoint the elders through consultation with the pastors Council could reject pastor appointments but not appoint themselves Power of excommunication lay with the Concitory (church council) Enforcement From 1550, annual visit to the Parishioners’ homes Some measures not enforced consistently ie punishments for repeat offenders

Answer 14

Calvin’s popularity ‘he was the kind of man who has only disciples or opponents’ On deathbed: ‘they have always feared me more than they loved me’ Even refugees didn’t all support him So why did he work? Natural refuge for French Protestants fleeing persecution, they found a leader in Calvin ‘The true source of Calvin’s authority was in himself’ Forceful and principled man Forceful enough to ensure uniformity not found in other sects like the Lutherans

Answer 15

Calvin’s Institutes First edition published 1536. Later editions in 1541/1559 Clarity of expression Not fatalistic, but ‘the personal decrees of an Almighty God’ ‘the just will live by the faith’ vs ‘thy will be done’ Christ died specifically for the elect ‘precence’ of spirit in the eucharist Not unjust: ‘all men are justly condemned for their sins, and beyond that we cannot see the almighty purpose’ Double predestination. Not only are some the elect, but some explicitly condemned

Answer 16

Significance Not drawn by teaching, but by discipline (Chadwick) ‘For 100 years they were the most potent religious force in Protestantism’

Answer 17

threats to Lutheranism in Germany Charles V’s peace with France (Treaty of Crepy) in 1544 Peace in Eastern Europe (Turks in Persia) Wittenberg captured in 1547 after Battle of Muhlberg Elector John Frederick captured Philip of Hesse (?) imprisoned Divisions in the Lutheran church After diet of Augsburg

Answer 18

Diet of Augsburg 1548 Protestants can retain clerical marriage and use of a cup in the eucharist but nothing else Bucer flees to England Modified with the cooperation of Melanchthon, who does not flee but cooperates in Wittenberg so long as Saxony will be safe Lutheran interpretation of Gospels continues, so it is acceptable for Catholic ceremonialism to return

Answer 19

Resistance to ruling of Diet of Ausburg In Southern/Central Germany, enforced with aid of Spanish troops. North revolted Difficulty finding pastors willing to perform Catholic services How successfully had Charles V tackled the Protestant Revolt? Had divided protestants Some had fled, but Melanchthon remained and so there was conflict between them Melanchthon was the only figure with enough stature to unite the churches —> ‘The Lutheran churches never recovered the unity which they lost after the Augsburg Interim of 1548

Answer 20

Peace of Augsburg 1555 Result of diminished sway of emperor New Turkish invasion Franco-Protestant alliance Protestant sympathies of the Duke of Saxony Terms Every land that had been Lutheran before 1552 was allowed to remain Lutheran Rulers allowed to choose the religion of their territories cujus regio, ejus religio

Answer 21

Significance 60 years of religious peace Protestantism legitimised Did not stop disunion of the Lutheran churches

Answer 22

The Formula of Concord Attempt to resolve intra-Lutheran debates Denied Calvinist pre-destination 86 states (nearly all Lutheran states) accepted the Formula Unity? No Denmark burned it Denied by Bremen, Anhalt, Nuremberg, who remained Philippist (Melanchthon continued to advocate the Eucharist, not the reformed Eucharist favoured by Flacius Illyricus)

Answer 23

``` Lutheran expansion continued after the Formula of Concord 1598, Strasbourg accepts the Concord the Palatinate (region of Germany) was subjected to Calvinist presbyterians but became Lutheran - accepting the concord - grin 1576-1583 ``` Taking land of Bishops (who were also lords) If Bishop became Protestant, so did the hold on that territory (Bishop enforces Augsburg Confession, territory becomes Protestant) New territories the Palatinate, Bremen, Anhalt, Hesse Expansion in the Universities Old Unis like Leipzig reformed, and other new ones like Jena (1558)

Answer 24

Lutheran-Calvinist contest Lutheranism and Calvinism were the only legitimate religions ‘Reformed’ protestantism of Calvinism was seen as being as bad as anabaptists Calixtus, in Berlin, dined with a Reformed chaplain. Outcry, he responds: ‘Is it possible that hatred has risen to such a pitch among us that the Reformed are not fit for a man to walk across the street with?’ Significance of the conflict Opened the doors for the counter reformation and weakened Protestant power (Chadwick) Some efforts at collaboration Use of Calvinist writings by Lutherans Lutheran students visited Marburg, Heidelberg, Leyden (Reformed universities [?] ) Tubingen University very accommodating of Calvinists John Durie, Scottish minister working in Prussia, tried to unite Reformed and Lutherans with creed based on Apostles Creed ‘he proved that in the cause of Christian unity sentiment and affection were not enough’ More rapprochement in the 17th century and during the 30 yrs war

Answer 25

Persecutions of the Huguenots (French reformed Protestants) Persecutions following spreading of pro-Protestant placards on 18th Oct 1534 in Paris, Orleans, Blois; 34 burned Often inconsistent in who they persecuted Universities and humanists were susceptible to reformist ideas Toulouse, 1560, 400 students publicly sang psalms and were suppressed (Toulouse, however, remained Catholic) Noblemen and merchants more likely to be reformed than ‘conservative’ peasants reform in Normandy under sympathetic Admiral Coligny Calvinists made progress in Orleans

Answer 26

``` Ways of Worship Secret worship Geneva was centre of affairs 2150 congregations in 1561 Resistance 1561, French government protests Geneva’s providing of Protestant preachers Synod of Paris 1559 Organises presbyterian structure for the Reformed church ```

Answer 27

French Wars of Religion - Instability King Henry II dies 1559, succeeded by Francis II who dies 5th Dec 1560, succeeded by Charles IX, too young —> Catherine de’ Medici is regent Two factions Guises (Catholic) Bourbons (Protestant/English friendly) Religious huguenots and political huguenots (using religion as force against Guise domination) Huguenots were being persecuted Began to have guards protect them when worshiping Occupied churches like the Franciscan church at Valence Became more outspoken Rouen, August 1560, gathering of 7000 Tension with Catholics Saw occupation of churches as ‘sacrilege’ Tumult of Amboise (1560) was discovered by Guises: plan to capture king Different ideas about the status of Kings Calvin: divinely elected, wrong to challenge them Anne du Bourge: if sovereign is against God, they can be challenged Efforts at peace Catherine de Medici’s Colloquy of Poissy, Sep 1561, had failed by October Edict of 1862: return churches, no huguenot worship in town walls, but outside is ok —> Legitimated Huguenots by recognising them!

Answer 28

Outbreak of war Violent clash between worshipping Huguenots and the Duke of Guise’s men in Vassy, Champagne. Many killed —> Mob violence against Huguenots all over France Duke of Guise captures Charles IX, thereby taking control of his mother, Catherine de Medici, too. Overview of war Not continuous 1562-3, 1567-70, 1572-6, - thereafter more political>religious Venetian ambassador, Correro (1569): ‘But for the war, France would now be Huguenot, because the people were rapidly changing their faith’ Lots of iconoclasm in the wars, but mostly looting

Answer 29

Henry IV Last son of Catherine de Medici died 1589, leaving Henry IV as the heir Huguenot, and son of Huguenot Succeeded brother in 1589, had conquered his Kingdom by 1593 Political huguenot or religious huguenot? Believed if he converted to Catholicism he could have peace Not guaranteed that Catholics would accept him, but many more concerned with peace at this stage, Huguenots may reject him Views on religion Huguenot by birth Believed that the differences between Protestant and Catholic were ceremonial Claimed “I am entering the house not to live in it but to cleanse it” 25th July 1593, Promises to live and die as a Roman Catholic ---> France would NOT be Protestant

Answer 30

25th July 1593, Promises to live and die as a Roman Catholic | ---> France would NOT be Protestant

Answer 31

Edict of Nantes Huguenots were still 1/15th of population, and in some places were a majority of the population Freedom of religious conscience, and no barriers to entering hospitals, universities or schools. Elegible for offices of state, had own cemeteries Would have their own law courts Allocated an annual 225 000 crown grant Success? Still bitterness over laws Pope Clement III Some evasion eg synod of Gap 1603: pope is anti-christ

Answer 32

what proved far more destructive of the medieval church were the words and ideas of clerics, ideas born of an impatience with the imperfect established church and a moral vision of a purified Christianity

Answer 33

- Calvinism 'was best equipped to take up the cudgels with inimical authorities' - More dynamic and versatile - Well organised - Contact with refugee churches - Lutheran churches relied on consent of secular authorities

Answer 34

- Antwerp churches maintained CONTACT with, Frankfurt, and new churches in London established 1559 - Preachers MOVED between Antwerp and refugee congregations abroad (many recorded as having term of one year) - Six of the WALLOON church educated in Geneva at Geneva Academy - Antwerp as 'MOTHER church' for other smaller churches in the Duchy of Brabant - RAPID expansion at points. June 1566-July after return of exiled people, numbers lept from 4-5000 to 20-25000 hearing sermons - WIDE appeal, some of almost every occupation

Answer 35

- Counter-Reformation and Catholic Reformation were Protestant terms - Trent stressed continuity with Apostolic past - Pitter coined 'Counter-Reformation' and meajt political, diplomatic and military measures - Spanish inquisition and even armarda had wider aims than simply countering the Reformation - Counter-Reformation is useful in conjunction because it captures the energy of reform - Reformation was continuing process, didn't start in 1517 - --> EARLY-MODERN CATHOLICISM suggests changed and continuity, and more fitting with history from below

Answer 36

Heinz Schilling and Wolfgang Reinhard in the mid-1980s, that in the later sixteenth and earlier seventeenth centuries territorial rulers identified themselves closely with particular forms of confessional Christianity, and promoted them in their territories; that this policy was closely connected with centralization and state-building; that an alliance of secular and ecclesiastical authorities sought to promote stricter forms of religious and moral discipline, which served as an instrument for the „social disciplining‟ of more obedient subjects; and that the coalescing of religious reform and state-formation wrought genuine and lasting social change, and acted as a vector of modernization and modern national identity

Reformation Flashcards

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