All upper limb anatomy

Question 1

what muscles make up the quadrangular space (medial, lateral, superior, inferior?

Answer 1

medial-long head of triceps brachii
lateral-surgical neck of humerus
superior-teres minor and subscapularis
inferior-teres major

Question 2

what space do the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex artery pass through?

Answer 2

quadrangular space

Question 3

the axillary nerve terminates into what two branches?

Answer 3

anterior and posterior branch

Question 4

what does the anterior branch of the axillary nerve do?

Answer 4

provide motor innervation to deltoid MAD (motor, anterior, deltoid)

Question 5

what does the posterior branch of the axillary nerve do?

Answer 5

• motor innervation of teres minor

- sensory innervation of inferior part of deltoid

Question 6

After innervating the motor function of teres minor, what does the posterior branch of the axillary nerve continue as?

Answer 6

upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm

Question 7

what is the specific name of the area that the upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm innervates?

Answer 7

regimental badge

Question 8

what nerve innervates the lateral aspect of the forearm and which nerve of the brachial plexus does it derive from?

Answer 8

• lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm

- musculocutaneus

Question 9

what branch of the median nerve supplies the deep muscles of the anterior forearm?

Answer 9

-anterior interosseous nerve

Question 10

what branch of the median nerve does not pass through the carpal tunnel?

Answer 10

palmar cutaneous nerve

Question 11

what does the recurrent branch of the median nerve innervate?

Answer 11

thenar muscles

Question 12

what does the palmar digital branch of the median nerve innervate?

Answer 12

• innervates 3 and a half fingers

- lateral 2 lumbricals

Question 13

what does the palmar digital cutaneous branch of the median nerve innervate?

Answer 13

• lateral 3 and a half digits on palmar side

- half of lateral 3 and a half digits on dorsal side

Question 14

Superficial and deep radial nerve branches. Which one is sensory and which one is motor innervation?

Answer 14

superficial=sensory

deep=motor

Question 15

what are the names of the 4 branches of the radial nerve that provide sensory innervation and which areas do they innervate?

Answer 15

• lower lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm
• posterior cutaneous nerve of arm
• posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm
• superficial branch-lateral part of dorsal hand and 3 and a half lateral fingers

Question 16

Radial nerve damage in the axilla-motor and sensory loss?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

Radial nerve damage in the radial groove. Does it fully damage triceps brachii? What happens in sensory innervation?

Answer 17

• no, only partially

- only superficial branch out of 4 cutaneous nerves affected as other branches already arisen. Loss of hand innervation

Question 18

Name 2 other injuries of radial nerve besides axilla and radial groove injuries.

Answer 18

• deep branch injury (motor loss)

- superficial branch injury (sensory loss)

Question 19

In superficial and deep branch of radial nerve injuries, how do they occur and what happens?

Answer 19

-superficial=laceration or stabbing
-deep=radial head fracture
Sensory-hand innervation lost
Motor-post forearm muscles affected, however ECRL is strong extensor and isnt affected so WRIST DROP does NOT occur

Question 20

name the 3 branches of the ulna nerve and state what sensory innervation they carry out.

Answer 20

• palmar cutaneous branch-palm of palmar surface
• dorsal cutaneous branch-dorsal medial one and a half fingers and palm area
• superficial branch-palmar medial one and a half fingers

Question 21

what type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

Answer 21

plane

Question 22

what are the articular surfaces of the AC joint covered with?

Answer 22

fibrocartilage

Question 23

name the 3 ligaments involved with the AC and group together 2 of them to give them a collective name.

Answer 23

• acromioclavicular
• trapezoid
• conoid
• trapezoid and conoid make up coracoclavicular

Question 24

Name the 2 arteries that supply the AC joint. Where does each artery arise from?

Answer 24

suprascapular artery-subclavian from thyrocervical trunk

thoraco-acromial artery -axillary artery

Question 25

what 2 nerves innervate the acromioclavicular joint?

Answer 25

- lateral pectoral nerve | - suprascapular

Question 26

what type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 26

saddle

Question 27

what are the articular surfaces of the SC joint covered with?

Answer 27

fibrocartilage

Question 28

name the 4 major ligaments of the SC joint.

Answer 28

post and ant sternoclavicular costoclavicular interclavicular

Question 29

what 2 arteries supply the SC joint?

Answer 29

- internal thoracic artery | - suprascapular

Question 30

what 2 nerves supply the SC joint?

Answer 30

- nerve to subclavius | - medial supraclavicular

Question 31

Name 5 movements that require the SC joint?

Answer 31

-elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, rotation

Question 32

what are most synovial joints lined with?

Answer 32

hyaline cartilage

Question 33

what is the name of the fibrocartilage rim that surrounds the glenoid fossa to give the glenohumeral joint more stability?

Answer 33

glenoid labrum

Question 34

Name 2 bursae around the shoulder joint.

Answer 34

- subacromial | - subscapular

Question 35

Name 4 ligaments associated with the glenohumeral joint and explain their salient functions.

Answer 35

- transverse ligament-keeps long head of biceps tendon in intertubercular groove - coracoacromial-prevents superior displacement of humeral head - glenohumeral-stabilise anterior aspect of joint - coracohumeral

Question 36

what 2 arteries supply the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 36

- posterior and anterior circumflex arteries | - suprascapular artery

Question 37

what 3 nerves innervate the joint and consequently because of their C5 and 6 origins, can be damaged by what injury?

Answer 37

- axillary, suprascapular and lateral pectoral nerve | - erbs palsy

Question 38

what is the characteristic sign of rotator cuff tendonitis and what makes it worse?

Answer 38

painful arc | -pain in the middle of abduction

Question 39

what are the 3 articulations at the elbow joint?

Answer 39

- trochlea of humerus and trochlea notch of ulna - capitulum of humerus and head of radius - olecrannon of ulna and olecrannon fossa of humerus

Question 40

Name 3 types of important bursa around the elbow joint and explain them.

Answer 40

intratendinous-within the tendon of the triceps brachii subtendinous-between tendon of triceps and olecrannon subcutaneous-between olecrannon and overlying connective tissue

Question 41

what type of joint is the radioulnar joint?

Answer 41

pivot

Question 42

what 2 bones are directly involved in supination and pronation?

Answer 42

radius | ulna

Question 43

what are the 2 role of the fibrocartilagenous ligament-the articular disk?

Answer 43

- holds the radius and ulna together | - separates radioulnar joint from hand-SPECIFICALLY the ulna as it does not articulate with the carpel bones

Question 44

what are the 3 functions of the interosseous membrane which is made up of connective tissue?

Answer 44

- transmit forces from radius to ulna - site of attachments for muscles - keeps radius and ulna together during pronation and supination

Question 45

what happens in a monteggia fracture?

Answer 45

- force behind the ulna causes fracture of proximal shaft | - radius dislocates anteriorly at elbow

Question 46

what happens in a galaezzis fracture?

Answer 46

- fracture of distal radius | - ulna dislocates at distal radio ulnar joint

Question 47

Name the 3 SPECIFIC branches of nerves that supply the radio carpal point.

Answer 47

radius-posterior interosseous branch median-anterior interosseous branch ulna-deep and dorsal branch

Question 48

Name the 4 ligaments of the radiocarpal joint.

Answer 48

- palmar radiocarpal - dorsal radiocarpal - ulna collateral - radial collateral

Question 49

what type of joint is the radiocarpal joint?

Answer 49

ellipsoid/condyloid

Question 50

what can be caused from fracture of the scaphoid? where does the tenderness arise? what will the fracture increase likelihood of?

Answer 50

avascular necrosis anatomical snuffbox arthritis

Question 51

what carpal bone dislocates when falling on a dorsiflexed (extended) wrist? what syndrome occurs as a result?

Answer 51

- lunate | - moves anteriorly and compresses contents of carpal tunnel=carpal tunnel syndrome

Question 52

what 3 things occur as a result of the lunate bone dislocation?

Answer 52

- avascular necrosis - parasthesia (pins and needles) of sensory distribution in median nerve area - weakness of thenar muscles

Question 53

what artery does the right subclavian artery branch from?

Answer 53

brachiocephalic

Question 54

where does the left subclavian artery arise from?

Answer 54

directly from aorta

Question 55

where do the subclavian arteries become the axillary arteries?

Answer 55

lateral border of the first rib

Question 56

what arteries arise at the level of the humeral surgical neck?

Answer 56

anterior and posterior circumflex arteries

Question 57

At the level of the humeral surgical neck, what is the name of the largest branch of the axillary artery?

Answer 57

subscapular artery

Question 58

At what muscle does the axillary artery become the brachial?

Answer 58

teres major

Question 59

Although rare, what 3 things can cause an axillary artery aneurysm?

Answer 59

- trauma - thoracic outlet syndrome - atherosclerosis

Question 60

what can an axillary artery aneurysm cause?

Answer 60

- paresthesia | - muscle weakness

Question 61

what artery (branch of brachial) supplies the triceps brachii?

Answer 61

profunda brachii

Question 62

Where does the brachial artery terminate to become the radial and ulna arteries?

Answer 62

- cubital fossa | - posterior to brachialis muscle

Question 63

which artery supplies the posterior forearm and which supplies anterior?

Answer 63

post=radial | ant=ulna

Question 64

The radial and ulna arteries anastomose in the hand to form the 2...

Answer 64

- deep palmar arch | - superficial palmar arch

Question 65

what artery crosses the floor of the anatomical snuffbox?

Answer 65

radial artery

Question 66

At the border of which muscle does the basillic vein go deep and join with the brachial veins to form the axillary vein? Why else is this muscle important?

Answer 66

teres major | -site at which axillary artery becomes brachial

Question 67

The cephalic vein enters the axilla region and terminates to become the axillary vein by moving between what two muscles?

Answer 67

- deltoid | - pec major

Question 68

At the elbow, the cephalic and basillic veins are joined by what?

Answer 68

median cubital vein

Question 69

The deep brachial veins are situated either side of the brachial artery. What does this aid in? What is this structure known as?

Answer 69

- pulsations from artery aid in venous return | - vena comitantes

Question 70

what veins connect the deep and superficial veins of the upper limb?

Answer 70

-perforating veins

Question 71

why is the median cubital vein used for venapuncture?

Answer 71

- superficial at anterior part of elbow | - accessible

Question 72

what structures surround the jugular notch inferiorly and laterally?

Answer 72

- lateral=sternal ends of clavicle | - inferior=manubrium of the sternum