lower limb muscles

Question 1

wat type of tissue is fascia and what 3 things does it do?

Answer 1

fibrous

lines, separates,invests

Question 2

out of the 3 types of fascia, which surrounds muscle?

Answer 2

deep

Question 3

what ligament does the fascia lata proximally start at and where does it end?

Answer 3

inguinal

bony prominences of tibia

Question 4

what do you call the deep fascia of the leg?

Answer 4

crural fascia

Question 5

the fascia lata gives rise to 3 intermuscular septa. which is the thickest and why?

Answer 5

lateral-reinforcement from iliotibial tract

Question 6

What is the name of the saphenous opening in the fascia lata?

Answer 6

ovoid hiatus

Question 7

what structure passes through the saphenous opening?

Answer 7

great saphenous vein

Question 8

when does a femoral hernia become exceptionally noticable?

Answer 8

protrusion through saphenous opening producing swelling inferior to inguinal ligament

Question 9

what movements does the iliotibial tract assist in?

Answer 9

illio tibial tract, extend abduct lat! (extend, abduct and lateral rotation of hip) and lat stabilisation of knee joint

Question 10

what is the role of the tensor fascia lata muscle?

Answer 10

tensor fascia lata

flex, abduct, int rotata of hip

Question 11

what happens as a result of the fascia lata being pulled taut by the tensor fascia lata?

Answer 11

-forces muscle groups closer together within their intermuscular septa so closer to humerus. prevents outward movement of muscles and centralises muscle weight, thus reducing force required to move hip

Question 12

what is an additonal, important property of tensing the fascia lata?

Answer 12

compresses DEEP veins to ensure sufficient venous return occurs

Question 13

what fascia completely covers iliacus and psoas region and blends with the fascia lata superiorly?

Answer 13

deep iliac fascia

Question 14

what is the advantage of using fascia lata over an artificial product in a transplantation?

Answer 14

already well vascularised. no need for microvascular anastomoses

Question 15

what muscle act to mainly abduct and extend the hip?

Answer 15

they abduct and extend…..the 3 glutei and TFL friend!

gluteus maximus, medius and minimus and tensor fascia lata

Question 16

whats the difference in nerve innervation between the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius/minimus/tensor fascia lata?

Answer 16

maximus=inferior gluteal nerve

medius/minumus=superior

Question 17

Damage to what nerve causes trendelenburg’s sign?

Answer 17

superior gluteal nerve

Question 18

what happens to which muscles in a positive test for trendelenburgs?

Answer 18

glutues medius and minimus on opposite side of leg being raised cannot contract to hold the pelvis up

Question 19

name the 5 deep gluteal muscles and their innervations.

Answer 19

piriformis-nerve to piriformis
superior gemelli-nerve to obturator internus
inferior gemelli-nerve to quadratus femoris
obturator internus-nerve to obturator internus
quadratus femoris-nerve to quadratus femoris

Question 20

what muscle is a landmark in the gluteal region and why?

Answer 20

piriformis

• divides superior and inferior gluteal nerves
• sciatic nerve (peripheral) runs beneath piriformis

Question 21

name the 8 anterior muscles of the thigh

Answer 21

illiopsoas (psoas major and iliacus)
quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris,vastus medialis, intermedius and lateralis)
pectineus
sartorius

Question 22

what part of the lumbar spine does the femoral nerve originate from?

Answer 22

L2-4

Question 23

which muscle in the anterior thigh does NOT receive innervation from the femoral nerve? what nerve innervates it?

Answer 23

psoas major-anterior rami of L1-3

Question 24

which muscle in the anterior thigh receives innervation from the femoral nerve and another part of a nerve? what nerve is it? and why?

Answer 24

pectineus
obturator nerve
-near to medial muscles which are innervated by obturator

Question 25

describe how you would test for femoral nerve damage with the quad femoris?

Answer 25

supine - flex leg - ask to extend whilst resisting - should see contraction of muscle

Question 26

name the 5 muscles of the medial thigh

Answer 26

gracillis, obturator externus, adductor longus, brevis, magnus

Question 27

name the 2 parts of the adductor magnus

Answer 27

adductor part | hamstring part

Question 28

which quad femoris muscle is the only one to cross hip and knee joint and as a result cause what movements?

Answer 28

rectus femoris flexion at hip extension at the knee

Question 29

what muscle separates the anterior and posterior branches of the obturator nerve?

Answer 29

adductor brevis

Question 30

what is the most superior medial muscle?

Answer 30

obturator externus

Question 31

what medial thigh compartment muscle is usually transplanted into an arm or hand?

Answer 31

gracillis

Question 32

name the 3 posterior muscles of the thigh from lateral to medial and their innervation.

Answer 32

biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus SCIATIC NERVE

Question 33

name the anterior muscles of the leg

Answer 33

extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, tibialis anterior,fibularis tertius

Question 34

what are the 2 main actions of the anterior leg muscles?

Answer 34

dorsiflex foot and inversion

Question 35

what is the nervous and arterial supply to the anterior leg?

Answer 35

deep fibular nerve | anterior tibial artery

Question 36

apart from dorsiflexion, what else does the fibularis tertius do?

Answer 36

eversion of foot

Question 37

Damage to the common fibular nerve from which the deep fibular nerve arises is called what? what happens as a result?

Answer 37

foot drop | unupposed plantar flexion

Question 38

name the 2 muscles of the lateral leg, with both ways to say their name.

Answer 38

fibularis/peroneal longus | fibularis/peroneal brevis

Question 39

what is the main role of the lateral leg muscles?

Answer 39

eversion | stop excessive inversion

Question 40

what is the innervation to the lateral leg muscles?

Answer 40

superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve L4-S1

Question 41

what is the role of the peroneal/fibularis longus?

Answer 41

evert and plantar flexion of foot

Question 42

role of fib/peroneal brevis?

Answer 42

eversion

Question 43

how can you locate the common fibular nerve (bifurcates into superficial and deep) during dissection?

Answer 43

-gap within fibularis longus muscle between head and neck of fibula that it runs through

Question 44

what are the muscles of the posterior leg innervated by and what are their main actions?

Answer 44

tibial nerve | plantar flexion and inversion of foot

Question 45

name the 3 superficial muscles of the posterior leg. | Which 2 plantar flex as well as flex the knee (cross knee joint) and which muscle just plantar flexes?

Answer 45

gastrocnemius-plantar flex and flex at knee plantaris-plantar flex and flex at knee soleus -just plantar flex

Question 46

what attaches the posterior superficial leg muscles to the foot (what bone of foot?) and what 2 bursa are present?

Answer 46

calcaneus tendon to calcaneus of foot - subcutaneous calcaneus bursa - deep bursa of calcaneal tendon

Question 47

what happens to the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles when the calcaneus tendon ruptures?

Answer 47

contract to form a lump

Question 48

name the 4 muscles of the deep posterior leg

Answer 48

tibialis posterior popliteus flexor digitorum longus flexor hallucis longus

Question 49

which deep posterior leg muscle acts at the knee joint?

Answer 49

popliteus

Question 50

what is the role of the popliteus?

Answer 50

laterally rotates the femur on the tibia to unlock knee and allow flexion

Question 51

name the 2 intrinsic dorsal muscles of the foot and their innervations.

Answer 51

extensor digitorum brevis extensor hallucis longus deep fibular nerve

Question 52

which 2 nerves supply the plantar side of th foot and what are they branches of?

Answer 52

medial and lateral plantar nerves | tibial nerve

Question 53

name the 3 muscles in the first layer of the plantar foot. most superficial Name their innervations

Answer 53

abductor hallucis-medial plantar nerve flexor digitorum brevis-medial plantar abductor digiti minimi-lateral plantar

Question 54

nmae the 2 muscles of the second layer of the plantar foot. what are their innervations?

Answer 54

quadratus plantae-lat plantar | lumbricals-medial 1=medial plantar, rest is lateral plantar

Question 55

name the 3 muscles of the third layer of the plantar foot. what are their innervations?

Answer 55

flexor hallucis brevis-medial plantar flexor digiti minimi brevis-lat plantar adductor hallucis-lat plantar

Question 56

name the 2 muscles of the foruth layer of the plantar foot and their innervations.

Answer 56

dorsal interossei-lat plantar | plantar interossei-lat plantar

Question 57

what 2 muscles invert the foot?

Answer 57

posterior and anterior tibialis muscles

Question 58

what muscle everts the foot?

Answer 58

fibularis tertius

Question 59

what are the tendons of the sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus inserting onto the medial tibia called collectively?

Answer 59

pes anserinus (gooses leg)