all weeks exam things Flashcards by Carina Jacob

Cheyne-Stokes

very shallow breathing with periods of apnea

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Kussmaul’s

hyperventilation that accompanies metabolic acidosis - seen in diabetics

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normal WBC

5-10 x10 to the power of 4 /L
5 primary types
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

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ESR

stands for erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Looking for inflammation in body
male up to 15 mm/h
female up to 20 mm/h

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types of cultures

blood, sputum, urine, stool, wound

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potential complications of infection

congenital abnormalities, septicemia/sepsis/bacteremia/septic shock, dehydration (anorexia, diaphoresis, vomiting, diarrhea), abcess formation, endocarditis (inflammation of endocardium - lining of the heart chambers), infectious disease related cancers (HPV, HIV - Karposi’s sarcoma, Hep B/C - liver cancer), infertility (STIs)

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What is the difference b/w medical asepsis and surgical?

medical asespsis a.k.a. clean technique - includes procedures used to reduce and prevent spread of microorganisms
ex. hand hygiene, using clean gloves, routine cleaning of environ

surgical asespis a.k.a. sterile technique - includes procedures used to eliminate all microorganisms includ. pathogens & spores from an object or area.
-area or object considered contaminated if touched by am object that is not sterile

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explain the two tier system of isolation precautions

1st tier - universal - used with everyone - gloves, cleaning environ, hand hygiene
2nd tier - additional precautions based on mode of transimission (contact, airborne, droplet)

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main sites at risk for nosocomial infection

picc lines, urinary catheter, respiratory, surgery/traumatic wounds

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what is the difference between endogenous vs. exogenous infection?

endogenous - alteration in normal flora resulting in overgrowth
exogenous - arise from microorganisms external to the individual that don’t exist as normal flora

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what are risks to client safety?

falls, procedure-related incidents, equipment-related accidents, client-inherent accidents

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what are focuses of HP re: safety for the developmental stages?

infants/toddlers - swallowing
school-age - bike &amp; sports safety
adolescents - driving
adults - lifestyle
older adults - polypharmacy &amp; falls

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what are the 4 Ps?

Proximity - things clients need should be close to them
Pain - manage it
Position - correct
Personal care- attend to needs
**4 Ps can be implemented during ‘intentional comfort rounding’

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4 types of pain

acute, chronic, procedural, cancer

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what is nociceptive pain vs. neuropathic?

nociceptive- normal processing of pain stimuli, responsive to analgesics
a) somatic - bone, joint, muscle, skin - aching,throbbing
localized
b)visceral pain - organs (heart,GI,pancreas) -can be poorly to fairly well localized
neuropathic- abnormal processing of pain
a) peripheral neuropathic pain (as in PNS) - diabetic neuropathy
b) central neuropathic pain (as in CNS) ex. phantom pain

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steps of nociceptive pain

transduction - convesion of stimulus to action potential
transmission - signal sent through nervous system
perception - conscious of it
modulation - implementation of things to inhibit pain - ex. endorphins, serotonin

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what’s the difference between pain threshold & pain tolerance?

threshold - min. level of stimulus that evokes pain

tolerance - amt of pain someone can handle without seeking relief

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how many steps on the pain ladder?

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talk about step 1 of pain ladder

mild pain (1-3)
non-opiod +/- adjuvent

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talk about step 2 of pain ladder

moderate pain (4-6)
opioid for mild to moderate pain +/- non-opioid +/- adjuvent

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talk about step 3 of pain ladder

moderate to severe (7-10)

opioid for moderate to severe pain +/- non-opioid +/- adjuvant

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what are examples of adjuvents?

(their primary indication not for pain relief but have alagesic properties)
baclofen (msucle relaxant)
clonazepam (alpha-2-agonist)
amitriptyline (tricyclic antidepressants) - neuropathic pain
anticonvulsants (pregabalin, gabapentin) - neuropathic pain

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what is normal plasma potassium?

3.5 - 5 mmol/L

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normal Na?

Study These Flashcards

135-145 mmol/L

normail Cl?

98-106 mmol/L

normal magnesium?

0.65-1.05 mmol/L

how long can an IV solution hang for?

max 24 hours

how often should an IV site be changed?

72-96 hrs

how often should IV tubing be changed?

42-78

normal hemeglobin

male 135-180 g/L | female 120-160 g/L

PaC02

35-45 mmHg

PaO2

80-100 mmHg

HC03

22-26 mmol/L

normal BMI

18.5 - 24.9

daily fluid intake should equal

output + 500 ml

what are symptoms assoc with alkalosis?

numbness and tingling of extremities

what are symptoms assoc with acidosis?

lethargy, headache, flushed skin

what ABGs are assoc with resp acidosis?

pH lower than 7.35 | PaC02 higher than 45 mmHg

what ABGs are assoc with resp alkalosis?

pH higher than 7.45 | PaCO2 lower than 35 mmHg

what ABGs are assoc with metabolic acidosis?

pH lower than 7.35 | bicarb lower than 22 mmol/L

what ABGs are assoc with metabolic alkalosis?

pH higher than 7.45 | bicarb higher than 26 mmol/L

which IV solutions are isotonic?

0.9% NaCl Dextrose 5% in water Lactated ringer's

what is in lactated ringer's?

sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and lactate

what are hypotonic IV solutions?

0. 33% NaCl | 0. 45% NaCl

what are hypertonic IV solutions?

3-5% NaCl Dextrose 5% in 0.9% NaCl Dextrose 5% in 0.45% NaCl Dextrose 5% in lactated ringer's

what is the mortality rate for eating disorders?

15% | 50% suicide, 50% med complications

what does BUN stand for?

blood urea nitrogen

what are S and S of Fluid volume overload?

``` increased BP and central venous pressure moist lung crackles edema weight gain dyspnea increased RR jugular vein distension ```

what are S and S of fluid volume deificit?

``` postural hypotension tachycardia dry mucous membranes poor skin turgor thirst confusion weight loss slow vein filling flat neck veins lethargy oliguria (less than 30 mL per hour) weak pulse ```

what are systemic S and S of inflammation?

``` fever leukocytosis malaise nausea anorexia ```

what is the ABCDE of pain assess and management?

``` A- ask B- believe C- choose D- deliver E - empower ```

what does FLACC stand for?

Face, legs, activity, cry, consolability

how often is a saline lock flushed?

q8h with 2.5 mL NS from 3 mL syringe & before and after administration of meds

what vitamin supplement does an infant need if breastfed?

vit D

at what age can solds be introduced?

6 mths, pureed

when can more table foods be introduced?

7-9 mths

At what age can and what type of milk should be introduced? up until what age?

9 mths, whole milk, 2 years

at what age should children be feeding selves?

12-15 mths

all weeks exam things Flashcards

(58 cards)