Alterations in Renal and Urinary Tract Functions

Question 1

What is the functional unit of the kidney

Answer 1

Nephron

Question 2

How much mL of blood flows per min

Answer 2

1000 to 1200

Question 3

glomerular filtration rate GFR

Answer 3

greater than 90

Question 4

hormone for renal blood flow that regulates BP

Answer 4

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Question 5

how many liters a day does the glomerular filter

Answer 5

180

Question 6

where does reabsorption of sodium take place

Answer 6

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 7

where does reabsorption of sodium and water take place

Answer 7

glomerulotubular balance

Question 8

where does concentration or dilution or urine take place

Answer 8

loop of henle and distal tubule

Question 9

what is necessary for the absorption of calcium and phosphate

Answer 9

vitamin D

Question 10

what is released when decreased O2 to the kidney and stimulates RBC production

Answer 10

erythropoietin

Question 11

urinary tract obstruction

Answer 11

an interference with the flow of urine at any site along the urinary tract

Question 12

what are the most common kidney stones

Answer 12

calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate

Question 13

S/S of kidney stones

Answer 13

renal colic aka flank pain

Question 14

treatment for kidney stones

Answer 14

high fluid intake, decreasing dietary intake of stone-forming substances, and stone removal

Question 15

what is an UTI

Answer 15

inflammation of the urinary epithelium caused by bacteria

Question 16

what is the common pathogen for an UTI

Answer 16

Escherichia coli - E. coli

Question 17

what is acute cystitis

Answer 17

inflammation of the bladder

Question 18

S/S of acute cystitis

Answer 18

frequency, dysuria, urgency, lower abdominal and/ or suprapubic pain, and low back pain

Question 19

treatment for acute cystitis

Answer 19

antimicrobial therapy, increased fluid intake, avoidance of bladder irritants, and urinary analgesics

Question 20

acute pyelonephritis

Answer 20

acute infection of the ureter, renal pelvis, interstitium; caused by structure malformation or urine reflux

Question 21

chronic pyelonephritis

Answer 21

persistent or recurring episodes of acute pyelonephritis that lead to scarring, and a risk increases in individuals with renal infarctions and some type of obstructive pathologic condition

Question 22

glomerulonephritis

Answer 22

inflammation of the glomerulus

Question 23

what are the two major symptoms of glomerulonephritis if severe

Answer 23

hematuria w/ RBC, and proteinuria exceeding 3-5g/ day with albumin as the major protein

Question 24

S/S of glomerulonephritis

Answer 24

oliguria, HTN, edema, nephrotic sediment (protein), and nephritic sediment (blood)

Question 25

nephrotic syndrome

Answer 25

excretion of 3.5 g or more of protein in the urine every day and protein excretion is caused by glomerular injury

Question 26

acute kidney injury - AKI

Answer 26

renal insufficiency, renal failure, and end-stage renal failure -ESRF

Question 27

what is increased and decreased with acute kidney injury

Answer 27

GFR decreases and BUN and creatinine increases

Question 28

Prerenal AKI

Answer 28

most common cause of ARF, caused by impaired renal blood flow, and GFR declines b/c of the decrease in filtration pressure

Question 29

initiation phase of AKI

Answer 29

kidney injury is evolving and prevention of injury is possible

Question 30

maintenance (oliguric) phase of AKI

Answer 30

established kidney injury and dysfunction and urine output is lowest during this phase and serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen both increase

Question 31

recovery (polyuric) phase

Answer 31

injury repaired and normal renal function reestablished, diuresis common, decline in serum creatinine and urea, and increase in creatinine clearance

Question 32

chronic kidney disease CKD

Answer 32

progressive loss of renal function that affects all organ systems, associated with HTN, diabetes, and intrinsic kidney disease

Question 33

stages of CKD

Answer 33

``` normal - GFR > 90 mL/ min Mild - GFR 60-89 mL/ min moderate - GFR 30-59 mL/ min severe - GFR 15-29 mL/ min end stage 0 GFR less than 15 ```

Question 34

treatment to CKD

Answer 34

medication to. control HTN and DM, correction or prevention. of fluid and electrolyte imbalances and correction of anemia, diet, and dialysis