Mechanisms of hormone regulation and endocrine disorders

Question 1

hormones aka chemical messengers

Answer 1

chemical substance secreted by a specific organ or tissue

Question 2

chemical messengers

Answer 2

• secreted in small but predictable rates
• circulates in the blood
• binds to specific cell receptors

Question 3

what is a lock and key mechanism

Answer 3

hormones

Question 4

negative feedback

Answer 4

• hormone secretion depends on the boys need for the final action of that hormone
• body condition starts to move away from the normal range, secretion of hormone is capable starting the correcting action until need is met, and the body condition returns to normal range. As correction occurs, hormone secretion decreases
• hormone causes opposite action of initial condition changes

Question 5

target cell concept

Answer 5

hormones act only on cells that have receptors specific to that hormone, b/c the shape of the receptor determines which hormone can react with it. < ex lock and key model

Question 6

hypothalamus (chief gland)

Answer 6

brain region, controls pituitary gland

Question 7

thyroid gland

Answer 7

affects metabolism among other things

Question 8

pituitary gland (master gland)

Answer 8

secretes many different hormones , some of which affect other glands

Question 9

parathyroids

Answer 9

help regulate level of calcium in blood

Question 10

adrenal glands

Answer 10

trigger fight or flight response

Question 11

pancreas

Answer 11

regulates level of sugar in the blood

Question 12

ovary

Answer 12

secretes female sex hormones

Question 13

testis

Answer 13

secretes male sex hormones

Question 14

relationship between hypothalamus and pituitary gland is important why

Answer 14

integrates communication between nervous and endocrine systems

Question 15

where is the hypothalamus located

Answer 15

in the center of the brain

Question 16

what are the two groups of hormones for hypothalamus

Answer 16

releasing and inhibiting

Question 17

what is the function of the hormones of the hypothalamus

Answer 17

either simulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones from the pituitary

Question 18

what are the tropic hormones that control other gland hormone secretion

Answer 18

TSH, ACTH, FSH, an LH

Question 19

FSH

Answer 19

stimulates secretion of estrogen and development of ova and sperm

Question 20

LH

Answer 20

stimulates ovulation in female and secretion of sex hormones in male and female

Question 21

hypersecretion

Answer 21

• gigantism (childhood)
• acromegaly (adulthood) - after epiphyseal closure
• results in hypertrophy of all body organs elevations in blood sugar; lipid levels

Question 22

hyposecretion

Answer 22

*dwarfism - smaller statue, cognitive delay dependent on type

Question 23

what are the hormones stored in the posterior pituitary

Answer 23

ADH and oxytocin

Question 24

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin)

Answer 24

major role is regulation of fluid volume by stimulating reabsorption of water in the renal tubules. ADH is a major vasoconstrictor. Most important stimulates of ADH is plasma osmolarity,

Question 25

what happens when ADH is released

Answer 25

real tubules reabsorb water, urine is more concentration

Question 26

what happens when ADH is inhibited

Answer 26

renal tubules do not reabsorb water urine is more dilute

Question 27

parathyroid glands

Answer 27

secrete parathyroid hormone, raises serum calcium levels, stimulates renal conversion of Vitamin D to its most active form

Question 28

if serum calcium is low PTH

Answer 28

increases

Question 29

if serum calcium is high PTH

Answer 29

decreases

Question 30

what does the adrenal cortex secrete

Answer 30

mineralocorticoids (essential for maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance), glucocorticoids (effect glucose), most abundant is cortisol

Question 31

major function of cortisol is

Answer 31

body's response to stress, carbohydrates, protein, and fat metabolism, emotional stability, immune function, and sodium and water balance

Question 32

adrenal glands promote reabsorption of

Answer 32

Na and H2O, excretion of K and Hydrogen ions

Question 33

synthesis and secretion of aldosterone is stimulated by

Answer 33

angiotensin II, hyponatremia and hyperkalemia

Question 34

endocrine secretes what

Answer 34

glucagon (alpha) and insulin (beta)

Question 35

glucagon

Answer 35

released from alpha cells in low blood sugar

Question 36

what does glucagon stimulate

Answer 36

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis

Question 37

insulin

Answer 37

regulates metabolism and storage of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins and is released from beta cells in high blood sugar

Question 38

what does insulin inhibit

Answer 38

gluconeogenesis in liver, facilitates glucose transport into cells, synthesizes protein transports triglycerides in to adipose tissue

Question 39

DM

Answer 39

chronic hyperglycemia and disturbances in metabolism of carbs, fat, and protein

Question 40

Type 1 (insulin dependent) - absolute insulin deficiency

Answer 40

* acute vs slow progression >primary beta cell defect * destruction of islet cells * abnormal alpha cell function (glucagon)

Question 41

what are examples of secondary diabetes mellitus

Answer 41

hormonal disease(bushings), drug induced (glucocorticosteroid), and gestational diabetes

Question 42

name examples of poor control for diabetes

Answer 42

* microvascular vs microvascular * heart disease and stroke * HTN * blindness * renal dysfunction * neuropathies * amputations

Question 43

what are some acute complications of DM

Answer 43

hypoglycemia, DKA, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS)

Question 44

what are chronic complications of DM

Answer 44

* microvascular disease - diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathies * macrovascular disease - cardiovascular disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease * infection

Question 45

what are the hypoglycemia effects

Answer 45

* primary hypoglycemia * secondary to insulin/oral ADA * damage to the CNS - brain can only use glucose for energy and w/out glucose cell death occurs

Question 46

what are the s/s of hypoglycemia (parasympathetic)

Answer 46

nausea and hunger

Question 47

what are the s/s of hypoglycemia (CNS)

Answer 47

headache, restlessness, dizziness, yawning, lethargy, drowsiness, paresthesias, inability to carry conversation, confusion, slurred speech, muscle twitching, and coma

Question 48

hypoglycemia T.I.R.E.D.

Answer 48

``` T- tachycardia I - irritability R - restless E - excessive hunger D - diaphoresis, depression ```

Question 49

blood sugar MNEMONIC

Answer 49

hot and dry - sugar high | cold and clammy - need some candy

Question 50

what are the nursing implications in diabetes

Answer 50

* obesity is preventable * know A1C, OGTT, chemistry profile, CBC, and lipid pane; * know s/s of hypo and hyperglycemia * know treatment of hypo and hyperglycemia * teach, monitor, assess, and TEACH