Alterations in Reproductive Function

Question 1

the main hormonal feedback pathway responsible for the reproductive system

Answer 1

HPO axis

Question 2

the first menstrual cycle achieved

Answer 2

menarche

Question 3

the opening from the uterus through the cervix into the vagina

Answer 3

os

Question 4

the top of the uterus, during pregnancy this can be used as one measurement point for monitoring growth of the fetus

Answer 4

fundus

Question 5

failure to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected sex, noting that if the female partner is over 35 years then the interval is shortened to 6 months

Answer 5

infertility

Question 6

where a small catheter is passed into the uterus via the vagina and cervix so that the semen may be instilled directly into the uterus.

Answer 6

IUI (intra-uterine insemination)

Question 7

the process by which the ova and semen are collected from the individuals and mixed together to permit fertilization to occur and after 3-5 days later 1-2 growing embryos are returned to the uterus, any remaining fertilized ova can be frozen for future attempts

Answer 7

IVF (in vitro fertilization)

Question 8

the period of time from conception to the birth of the infant

Answer 8

prenatal or antenatal

Question 9

the period of time from the delivery of the infant until complete resolution of the body to the pre-pregnant state, (usually 6-8 weeks)

Answer 9

post-natal

Question 10

the number of deliveries that a women has had over 20 weeks gestation

Answer 10

parity

Question 11

total number of pregnancies

Answer 11

Gravida

Question 12

total # of deliveries over 37 weeks gestation

Answer 12

term

Question 13

total # of deliveries between 20-37 weeks

Answer 13

Preterm

Question 14

spontaneous or therapeutic

Answer 14

abortions

Question 15

of living children

Answer 15

Living (L)

Question 16

the point at which should a fetus deliver there is a reasonable expectation of survival, usually defined as 500gm or more than 20 weeks gestation.

Answer 16

viability

Question 17

when the fetal head size has grown larger than can be passed vaginally

Answer 17

macrosomia

Question 18

the amount of amniotic fluid is more than 2 standard deviations above the norm for gestational age.

Answer 18

polyhydramnios

Question 19

when does sexual differentiation occur for an embryo?

Answer 19

7th week gestation

Question 20

what is the testes determining factor?

Answer 20

SRY protein on male (Y) chromosome

Question 21

stimulates the growth of follicles of the ovaries to produce estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin.

Answer 21

FSH

Question 22

responsible for stimulating the ovulation

Answer 22

LH

Question 23

development and maintenance of the female reproductive structures, secondary female characteristics such as adipose tissue deposition, voice pitch, broad pelvis and pattern of hair growth.

Answer 23

estrogen

Question 24

can work synergistically with human growth hormone, it can increase protein synthesis including bones.

Answer 24

estrogen

Question 25

is secreted mainly by the cells of the corpus luteum in the last 2 weeks of the menstrual cycle.

Answer 25

progesterone

Question 26

It works with estrogen to prepare and maintain the endometrium and to prepare the mammary glands for lactation.

Answer 26

progesterone

Question 27

is produced by the corpus luteum and it has a role to play with the relaxation of the uterine smooth muscle.

Answer 27

relaxin

Question 28

is secreted by the granulosa cells of the follicles and together with the levels of estrogen and progesterone, these hormones provide feedback for the HPO axis, either stimulating or inhibiting further release of FSH and LH.

Answer 28

inhibin

Question 29

normal range of menstrual cycle

Answer 29

24-36 days

Question 30

when the uterus sheds all but the deepest layers of the endometrium - about 50-150mL of blood, tissue, fluid, mucus, and epithelial cells.

Answer 30

menstrual phase | day 1-5

Question 31

menstruation is due to decreased amount of ___

Answer 31

progesterone and estrogen

Question 32

This phase is the proliferative phase of the uterus as estrogen promotes the endometrial growth. Maturation of the dominant follicle occurs due to FSH.

Answer 32

pre-ovulatory phase | day 6-14

Question 33

The secondary oocyte is released into the pelvic cavity, surrounded by the zone pelucida and corona radiata.

Answer 33

Ovulation | Day 14

Question 34

the progesterone and estrogen secreted by the corpus luteum causes further growth and coiling of the endometrial glands and thickening of the endometrium, all in preparation for a fertilized ovum.

Answer 34

Post-ovulatory phase | Day 15-28

Question 35

fertilized ovum

Answer 35

zygote

Question 36

Up to 2 weeks this collection of rapidly proliferating cells is called the ___

Answer 36

blastocyst

Question 37

2-8 weeks gestation

Answer 37

embryo

Question 38

8 weeks to birth

Answer 38

fetus

Question 39

marker used to detect pregnancy in urine & blood

Answer 39

hCG - human chorionic gonadotope hormone

Question 40

is specifically produced during pregnancy and the role is to maintain the corpus luteum, which produces the increasing amounts of progesterone needed to support and thicken the uterine lining

Answer 40

hCG

Question 41

is a stage of rapid development of the ectodermal, endodermal and mesodermal layers for all the structures and systems in the human embryo and fetus.

Answer 41

embryogenesis

Question 42

The _____ divides rapidly and creates small finger-like projections to the uterine myometrium to begin to form the chorionic villi.

Answer 42

trophoblast

Question 43

The ____ fills in these projections with branches of umbilical vessels so that they become vascularized.

Answer 43

mesoderm

Question 44

At ___ weeks, the chorionic villi and intervillous spaces or maternal sinuses has blood flowing and can facilitate nutrient and gas exchange.

Answer 44

10-14 weeks

Question 45

is a membranous sac that surrounds the developing fetus and provides protection as the fetus grows.

Answer 45

The amnion

Question 46

carries oxygenated blood to the fetus

Answer 46

umbilical vein

Question 47

remove deoxygenated blood

Answer 47

umbilical arterties

Question 48

carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Answer 48

pulmonary arteries

Question 49

return the oxygenated blood to the heart

Answer 49

pulmonary veins

Question 50

in which the major umbilical vessels separate in the fetal membranes before reaching the placental disk.

Answer 50

Velamentous

Question 51

vessels are seen running unprotected through the membranes

Answer 51

vasa previa

Question 52

Results from a lack of formation of a normal decidual plate. The chorionic villi extend into myometrium, and the placenta cannot separate normally following delivery and severe hemorrhage results.

Answer 52

Placenta accreta

Question 53

is a condition whereby the placenta forms so that it is either completely or partially covering the uterine os.

Answer 53

placental previa

Question 54

- maintain endometrium of uterus during pregnancy - help prepare mammary glands for lactation - prepare mother's body for birth of baby

Answer 54

Progesterone | Estrogens

Question 55

- increases flexibility of pubic symphysis | - helps dilate uterine cervix during labour

Answer 55

Relaxin

Question 56

- helps prepare mammary glands for lactation - enhances growth by increasing protein synthesis - decreases glucose use and increases fatty acid use for ATP production

Answer 56

Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS)

Question 57

- Establishes the timing of birth | - increases secretion of cortisol

Answer 57

corticotropin-releasing hormone

Question 58

the uterine isthmus becomes soft and compressible

Answer 58

Hegar's sign

Question 59

a glycoprotein that binds testosterone and estradiol in the circulation to make them inactive, thus there will be more biologically active steroids available.

Answer 59

serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)

Question 60

done to evaluate the patency of the fallopian tubes

Answer 60

HSG | hysterosalpingography

Question 61

least invasive and involves instilling the semen directly into the uterus

Answer 61

IUI | intrauterine insemination

Question 62

is a process whereby the ova and sperm are combined outside the body, permitted to develop for 3-5 days and then the resultant zygotes are transferred into the woman's uterus.

Answer 62

in vitro fertilization