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Third Exam for Patho > Alterations in thyroid and adrenal hormones > Flashcards

Alterations in thyroid and adrenal hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Major Functions of Thyroid Hormone
* Increases metabolism and ___________
* Influences _______ and development in
children
– Mental development and attainment of
sexual maturity

A

protein synthesis

growth

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2
Q

Iodination of Thyroglobulin
-Iodine is combined with thyroglobulin
– First forming monoiodotyrosine (MIT)
– Then diiodotyrosine (DIT)
– Two DITs are combine to form thyroxine (T4)
– 1 DIT and 1 MIT combine to form
triiodothyronine or (T3)

A
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3
Q

– T3
is thought to be ________ form

A

active

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4
Q

1 DIT and 1 MIT combine to form
triiodothyronine or (______)

A

T3

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5
Q

– Two DITs are combined to form thyroxine (_______)

A

T4

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6
Q

Three Major Thyroid-Binding Proteins
* ____________________ (TBG)
– Carries approximately 70% of T4
and T3

A

Thyroid hormone-binding globulin (TBG)

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7
Q

*__________________ (TBPA)
– Binds approximately 10% of circulating T4
and lesser amounts of T3

A

Thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA)

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8
Q

Effects of Thyroid Hormone
* All major organs are affected by ______
* Major functions
– Increase metabolism and protein syn.
– Growth and development
* Mental development
* Attainment of sexual maturity

A

T3

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9
Q

_________
– Binds approximately 15% of circulating T4
and T3

A

Albumin

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10
Q

Effects of Thyroid Hormone
* Increases the metabolic rate of tissues
* Increases cardiac output and heart rate
* Increased GI motility
– Often results in diarrhea
* Marked effects on muscle function/tone
– Cause muscle tremor if too high
* Necessary for proper brain development

A
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11
Q

______________

Decreased metabolic rate
Myxedema
– Accumulation of hydrophilic
mucopolysaccharide in connective tissues
* Elevated serum cholesterol

A

Hypothyroidism

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12
Q

Manifestations of Hypothyroidism
* Mental and physical sluggishness
* _________________
* Somnolence
* Decreased cardiac output, bradycardia
* Constipation
* Decreased appetite
* Hypoventilation
* Cold intolerance
* Coarse, dry skin and hair
* Weight gain

A

Myxedema

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13
Q

Congenital Hypothyroidism
Common cause of ______________
Affects 1 in 5000 infants
Manifestations of this are termed cretinism

A

mental retardation

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14
Q

Acquired Hypothyroidism
* Causes general slowing of metabolism
* Leads to myxedema
– Can be mild
– Can be life-threatening (myxedema coma)
* Most common cause is autoimmune
– Hashimoto thyroiditis
– Can also lead to goiter

A
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15
Q

Myxedematous Coma
-End-stage hypothyroidism
– Coma
– Hypothermia
– Cardiovascular collapse
– Hypoventilation
– Severe metabolic disorders
-Hyponatremia
- Hypoglycemia

A
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16
Q

Hyperthyroidism
* Increased metabolic rate and O2 use
* Increased use of metabolic fuels
* Increased SNS responsiveness

Common Causes
* _____________________
– 60–80% of thyrotoxicosis
* Thyroid Tumor

A

Graves’s Disease

17
Q

_______________________________
-State of hyperthyroidism, goiter and
ophthalmopathy
-An autoimmune disorder
– Thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSI)
– Abnormal stimulation of the thyroid gland by TSI through the normal TSH receptors

A

Grave’s disease

18
Q

Hyperthyroidism

  • ___________________
  • Restlessness, irritability, anxiety
  • Wakefulness
  • Increased cardiac output
  • Tachycardia and palpitations
  • Diarrhea, increased appetite
  • Dyspnea
  • Heat intolerance, increased sweating
  • Thin and silky skin and hair
  • Weight loss
A

Thyroid storm

19
Q

Hyperthyroidism
Symptoms: Hyperactivity, irritability,dysphoria
Heat intolerance, and sweating
Palpitations
Fatigue and weakness
Weight loss and increased appetite
Diarrhea
Polyuria
_______________, loss of libido

A

Oligomenorrhea

20
Q

Hyperthyroidism
Signs: Tachycardia, ________________, in the elderly
Tremor
_______
Warm,moist skin
Muscle weakness, proximal myopathy
Lid retraction or lag
Gynecomastia

A

atrial fibrillation,Goiter

21
Q

Measures Used to Diagnose Thyroid Disorders
* Measures of T3,T4,and TSH
* ______________(123I) uptake test
* Thyroid scans (i.e., 123I, 99mTcpertechnetate)

A

radioioidine

22
Q

_________________
* Rare life-threatening exacerbation
– Accompanied by fever, delirium, seizures,
coma, vomiting, diarrhea, and jaundice.
– The mortality rate is as high as 30%.
– Usually precipitated by
* Acute illness (e.g., stroke, infection, trauma),
* Thyroid surgery

A

Thyroid Storm

23
Q

Manifestations of Thyroid Storm
* Very _______________
* Extreme cardiovascular effects
– Tachycardia, congestive failure, and angina
* Severe CNS effects
– Agitation, restlessness, and delirium
* High mortality rate

A

high fever

24
Q

Steroid Hormones Produced by the Adrenal Cortex
* Mineralocorticoids (_____________)
– Function in Na+, K+, and water balance

A

aldosterone

25
Q

_____________sex hormones (androgens)
– Serve as source of androgens for women

A

adrenal

26
Q

Glucocorticoids (___________)
– Help regulate metabolic functions
– Help control the inflammatory response

Essential for survival in stress situations

A

cortisol

27
Q

__________________
* Of major importance in K+ Na+ and
water balance
* If levels too high
– Hypertension & hypernatremia
– Hypokalemia
– Metabolic alkalosis

A

Aldosterone

28
Q

Clinical Findings of Adrenal Insufficiency
* Anorexia and weight loss
* Fatigue and weakness
* Gastrointestinal symptoms, nausea,
diarrhea
* Myalgia, arthralgia, abdominal pain
* Hyponatremia
* _______________

A

hyperkalemia

29
Q

Common Enzyme Deficiencies
-Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
– Increased levels of ACTH
-overstimulate production of
-adrenal androgens
-mineralocorticoids

-21-hydroxylase deficiency
-11-β-hydroxylase deficiency

A
30
Q

Stages of Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency
___________ adrenal cortical insufficiency
– ACTH levels are elevated because of lack of
feedback inhibition.

A

Primary

31
Q

_____________adrenal cortical insufficiency
– Occurs as a result of hypopituitarism

A

secondary

32
Q

_______________
* Relatively rare disorder
* All layers of adrenal cortex are destroyed
– Occurs primarily as autoimmune disorder
– Used to be primarily due to TB
* Chronic metabolic disorder
– Requires lifetime hormone replacement

A

Addison’s Disease

33
Q

______________________
-Hypercortisolism from any cause
- 3 major causes
– Pituitary form
-excessive production of ACTH by a pituitary tumor
– Adrenal form
caused by a benign or malignant adrenal tumor
– Ectopic form
nonpituitary ACTH-secreting tumor

A

Cushing Syndrome

34
Q

– _______ form
* excessive production of ACTH by a pituitary tumor

A

Pituitary form

35
Q

– ________form
* caused by a benign or malignant adrenal tumor

A

Adrenal

36
Q

_________form
* nonpituitary ACTH-secreting tumor

A

Ectopic

37
Q

Glucocorticoid Hormone Excess
* Altered fat metabolism
* ___________
* _______________
* Hirsutism
* Purple striate
* Osteoporosis
* Derangements in glucose metabolism
* Hypokalemia
* Gastric acid secretion
* Mild acne, and menstrual irregularities

A

Buffalo hump

moon face

Third Exam for Patho (16 decks)

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