Altered Cell and Tissue Biology

Question 1

What is homeostasis?

Answer 1

Maintaining a constant environment

Question 2

Where is homeostasis regulated?

Answer 2

Hypothalamus

Question 3

What interrupts homeostasis?

Answer 3

Disease

Question 4

What are the characteristics of cellular adaptations?

Answer 4

Always reversible,

Always in response to a stimulus

Question 5

What are the five cell adaptations?

Answer 5

Atrophy,
Hypertrophy,
Hyperplasia,
Dysplasia,
Metaplasia

Question 6

Atrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia, metaplasia, and hypertrophy are what?

Answer 6

Cell Adaptations

Question 7

What are the characteristics of atrophy?

Answer 7

Decrease in cell size,
Decrease in # of mitochondria,
Decrease in # of ribosomes,

Question 8

What happens if there is a decrease in # of mitochondria?

Answer 8

ATP production decreases

Question 9

What happens if there is a decrease in # of ribosomes?

Answer 9

Loss of protein synthesis

Question 10

What are some examples of atrophy?

Answer 10

Loss of skeletal muscle bc of decreased workload,
Loss of brain matter bc of lack of blood supply,
Uterus, ovaries, vaginal mucosa bc lack of hormones

Question 11

What are characteristics of hypertrophy?

Answer 11

Increased cell size,
Increase in # of mitochondria,
Increase in # of ribosomes

Question 12

What are some examples of hypertrophy?

Answer 12

Skeletal muscle bc increase in workload,
Cardiac muscle bc of aortic stenosis,
mammary glands bc of hormone stimulation

Question 13

Increased cell size, increase in # of cells, increase in # of ribosomes are characteristics of what?

Answer 13

Hypertrophy

Question 14

Decrease in cell size, decrease in # of mitochondria, decrease in # of ribosomes are characteristics of what?

Answer 14

Atrophy

Question 15

What happens if there is an increase in # of ribosomes?

Answer 15

Increase in protein synthesis

Question 16

What happens if there is an increase in # of mitochondria?

Answer 16

Increase in ATP production

Question 17

What is a characteristic of hyperplasia?

Answer 17

Increase in cell #

Question 18

What are characteristics of dysplasia?

Answer 18

Change in size, shape, and organization of cells in tissue

Question 19

What is a characteristic of metaplasia?

Answer 19

Change from one cell type to another (usually from simple columnar to stratified squamous)

Question 20

What is the difference between dysplasia and metaplasia?

Answer 20

Dysplasia
-Mitotic Activity
-Nucleus is bigger and deformed
Metaplasia
-Nucleus is normal

Question 21

How are dysplasia and metaplasia similar?

Answer 21

reversible and a response to a stimulus
found in respiratory epithelium,
found in cervical epithelium

Question 22

What is an example of dysplasia?

Answer 22

HPV

Question 23

What can dysplasia be found?

Answer 23

Respiratory epithelium,

Cervical epithelium

Question 24

Where can metaplasia be found?

Answer 24

Respiratory epithelium,

Cervical epithelium

Question 25

What is pathologic hyperplasia?

Answer 25

Abnormal increase in cell #

Question 26

What is physiological hyperplasia?

Answer 26

Replacement; Regeneration of tissue

Question 27

Where can a high rate of hyperplasia be found?

Answer 27

Epidermis, Liver, RBC's GI mucosa

Question 28

Where can a very low rate of hyperplasia be found?

Answer 28

Nervous tissue, Skeletal muscle, Cardiac muscle

Question 29

Increase in cell # is a characteristic of what?

Answer 29

Hyperplasia

Question 30

Change in cell size, shape, and organization is a characteristic of what?

Answer 30

Dysplasia

Question 31

Change from one cell type to another is a characteristic of what?

Answer 31

Metaplasia

Question 32

What is hypoxic injury?

Answer 32

Decreased oxygen to tissues

Question 33

What are the products of aerobic respiration?

Answer 33

ATP, Carbon Dioxide, Water

Question 34

What are the products of anaerobic respiration?

Answer 34

ATP, | Lactic Acid

Question 35

What happens to pH when lactic acid accumulates?

Answer 35

pH decreases

Question 36

What happens when pH changes?

Answer 36

Proteins are denatured

Question 37

What happens to the binding site on proteins when pH changes?

Answer 37

The binding site changes conformation, which does NOT allow the substrate to bind to the enzyme, making it inactive

Question 38

What happens to sodium when sodium/potassium pumps fail?

Answer 38

Sodium accumulates inside the cell

Question 39

What happens to potassium when sodium/potassium pumps fail?

Answer 39

Potassium accumulates outside the cell

Question 40

Why does sodium accumulate inside the cell when sodium/potassium pumps fail?

Answer 40

1. Sodium is not being pumped out of the cell | 2. Sodium continues to leak into the cell

Question 41

Why does potassium accumulate outside the cell when sodium/potassium pumps fail?

Answer 41

1. Potassium is not being pumped into the cell | 2. Potassium continues to leak out of the cell

Question 42

Why do sodium/potassium pumps fail?

Answer 42

Lack of ATP