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Pathophysiology > Review of Inflammation > Flashcards

Review of Inflammation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two human defense mechanisms?

A

Innate Immunity,

Adaptive Immunity

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2
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Immunity that is present at birth

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3
Q

What is an example of innate immunity?

A

Skin,

Inflammation

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4
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Immunity that is acquired after birth

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5
Q

What is an example of active adaptive immunity?

A

Vaccines,

Exposure/Infection

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6
Q

What is an example of passive adaptive immunity?

A

Breast Milk,

Immunoglobulin Injection

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7
Q

What are the first lines of defense?

A

Physical Barriers,
Mechanical Barriers,
Biochemical Barriers

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8
Q

What kind of tissue is a physical barrier?

A

Epithelial Tissue

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9
Q

Why is epithelial tissue an important barrier?

A

Its stratified,
It sloughs,
Has tight junctions

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10
Q

Why is sloughing of epithelial tissue important?

A

Sheds pathogens,

Sheds damaged cells

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11
Q

What are some examples of mechanical barriers?

A 
Movement of cilia,
Vomiting,
Sneezing, 
Coughing,
Urinating,
Defecating
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12
Q

What are some examples of biochemical barriers?

A 
Tears,
Saliva,
Mucosa,
Sweat,
HCl,
Antimicrobial substances
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13
Q

What are some examples of antimicrobial substances?

A

Vaginal lactoacillus prevents Candida albicons

GI flora prevents Clostridium difficile

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14
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

Inflammation,
Vascular Responses,
Plasma Protein Systems

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15
Q

How is inflammation activated?

A

Tissue Damage

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16
Q

T or F: Inflammation is a non-specific response.

A

True

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17
Q

What are six manifestations?

A 
Heat,
Redness,
Edema,
Pain,
Pus,
Clotting
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18
Q

What are the three vascular responses?

A
  1. Vasodialation (redness/heat)
  2. Increased capillary membrane permeability (edema)
  3. Increased leukocyte adhesion and migration into interstitium (pus)
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19
Q

What are the three advantages of vasodialation?

A
  1. Increased leukocyte delivery
  2. Increased nutrient delivery (Oxygen, Glucose, Amino Acids)
  3. Removal of waste and cellular debris
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20
Q

How are plasma protein systems activated?

A

Tissue damage or presence,

Presence of bacteria

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21
Q

What are the three plasma protein systems?

A

Complement System,
Clotting System,
Kinin System

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22
Q

What are the functions of the complement system?

A

Opsonizes target cells for phagocytosis,
Formation of MAC,
Chemotaxis of leukocytes,
Mast cell degranulation

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23
Q

What is opsonization?

A

To tag and identify for a neutrophil

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24
Q

What does MAC stand for?

A

Membrane Attack Complex

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25
What are the three advantages of vasodialation?
1. Increased leukocyte delivery 2. Increased nutrient delivery (Oxygen, Glucose, Amino Acids) 3. Removal of waste and cellular debris
26
How are plasma protein systems activated?
Tissue damage or presence, | Presence of bacteria
27
What are the three plasma protein systems?
Complement System, Clotting System, Kinin System
28
What are the functions of the complement system?
Opsonizes target cells for phagocytosis, Formation of MAC, Chemotaxis of leukocytes, Mast cell degranulation
29
What is opsonization?
To tag and identify for a neutrophil
30
What does MAC stand for?
Membrane Attack Complex
31
What is the purpose of the clotting system?
Homeostasis, Trap bacteria, Form framework for new tissue growth
32
T or F:All bacteria can be trapped in a clot.
False. Hemolytic bacteria break through
33
What does bradykinin cause?
Vasodialation, Increase in capillary membrane permeability, Stimulates pain receptors
34
What are mast cells?
Basophils in tissue spaces
35
Where are mast cells found?
Dermis, Respiratory epithelium, GI mucosa, (Places where allergic reactions happen)
36
What is degranulation?
Release of chemicals from vesicles via exocytosis into interstitium
37
What are the four triggers for degranulation?
1. Tissue damage leading to release of complement 2. Presence of bacteria 3. Immune reaction (AB, AG) 4. Chemicals (toxins)
38
What do these trigger? 1. Tissue damage leading to release of complement 2. Presence of bacteria 3. Immune reaction (AB, AG) 4. Chemicals (toxins)
Degranulation
39
What is the release of chemicals from vesicles via exocytosis into interstitium called?
Degranulation
40
What are basophils in tissue spaces called?
Mast Cells
41
What systems purpose is to maintain homeostasis, trap bacteria, and form framework for new tissue growth?
Clotting System
42
What chemical mediators have an immediate response?
``` Histamine, Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor, Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor, Interleukin 4, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) ```
43
What chemical mediators have a delayed response (8-10 hours)?
``` Leukotrienes, Prostaglandins, Interleukins, TNF, Growth Factors ```
44
What does histamine do?
``` Increase capillary membrane permeability (edema) Causes vasodialation (redness/heat) ```
45
What does neutrophil chemotactic factor do?
Attracts neutrophils to the area
46
What does eosinophil chemotactic factor do?
Attracts neutrophils to the area
47
What does Interleukin 4 do?
Stimulates AB production
48
What cells make ABs
Plasma Cells
49
What does AB stand for?
Antibody
50
What does AG stand for?
Antigen
51
What are heat, redness, edema, pain, pus, clotting?
Manifestations
52
What is vomiting, sneezing, coughing, uringating, and defecating examples of?
Mechanical Barriers
53
What is saliva, tears, mucosa, sweat, and HCl examples of?
Biochemical Barriers
54
What does Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) do?
Increases capillary membrane permeability (edema), | Increases leukocyte emigration (pus)
55
What does leukotriene do?
``` Causes vasodialation (redness/heat), Increases vessel permeability (edema) ```
56
What does prostaglandin do?
Stimulates pain receptors, Causes vasodialation (redness/heat), Increases capillary membrane permeability (edema)
57
What chemical blocks prostaglandins?
Aspirin
58
What chemical mediator does aspirin block?
Prostaglandins
59
What does interleukin do?
Increases AB production by plasma cells, | Helps in Active Adaptive Immunity
60
What does TNF do as a delayed reaction?
Increase AB production by plasma cells, | Helps in Active Adaptive Immunity
61
What does growth factor do?
Promotes growth of endothelial tissue, | Promotes growth of scar tissue
62
What are the three primary functions of neutrophils?
1. Phagocytosis 2. Release cytotoxic Chemicals (free radicals) 3. Release macrophage chemotactic factor
63
What releases macrophage chemotactic factor?
Neutrophils
64
What are macrophages?
Monocytes in tissue spaces
65
T or F:Monocytes in tissue spaces are called macrophages.
True
66
T or F:Macrophages have a long lifespan, but can NOT divide on site.
False. They have a long lifespan and CAN divide on site
67
What are the primary functions of macrophages?
1. Phagocytosis 2. Release cytotoxic chemicals (free radicals) 3. Present AGs to cells of Adaptive Immune System
68
What is the first way to stimulate adaptive immunity?
Interleukin
69
What is the second way to stimulate adaptive immunity?
Macrophages
70
What is the primary function of eosinophils?
Provide protection against parasites, | Regulate role of vascular mediators released by mast cells
71
What cells provide protection against parasites?
eosinophils
72
What is the primary function of NK (null) cells?`
``` First line of defense against: Foreign Cells, Transplanted Cells, Cancer Cells, Virally Infected Cells ```
73
What is another name for NK Cells?
Null Cells
74
Why are NK cells termed "null cells"?
Lymphocytes that are neither B or T cells
75
What causes pain?
Bradykinin, | Prostaglandins
76
What causes heat?
Bradykinin, Histamine, Leukotrienes, Prostaglandins,
77
What causes redness?
Bradykinin, Histamine, Leukotrienes, Prostaglandins
78
What causes edema?
``` Bradykinin, Histamine, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), Leukotrienes, Prostaglandins ```
79
What causes pus?
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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