Altered states

Question 1

What is a circadian rhythm

Answer 1

A behavioural or physiological cycle that takes place over a 24 hour period

Question 2

Give examples of circadian rhythms

Answer 2

Sleep wake cycle, body temp, altertness, reaction time.

Question 3

Exogenous factors

Answer 3

Daily habits such as reading before bed, washing face, etc.

Question 4

Endogenous factors

Answer 4

Light, melatonin production

Question 5

How does light control the sleep wake cycle

Answer 5

• Light enters eyes and falls on the retina
• the retina sends a signal through the optic nerve to the superachiasmatic nucleus
• the superachiasmatic nucleus then sends a message to the pineal gland in the hypothalamus telling it to reduce or increase the production of melatonin

Question 6

Why do we need sleep

Answer 6

Energy conversation
Memory consolidation
Repair and restoration

Question 7

Amplitude

Answer 7

Height

Question 8

Frequency

Answer 8

close together

Question 9

Stage one sleep

Answer 9

alpha and theta waves + hypnic jerks

Question 10

Stage two sleep

Answer 10

Theta waves + sleep spindles (High frequency) and K complexes (High amplitude)

Question 11

Stage three sleep

Answer 11

Less than 50% delta waves + deep sleep+ slow waves

Question 12

Stage four sleep

Answer 12

50+% delta waves

Question 13

Stage five

Answer 13

REM + alpha and theta similar to wakefulness

Question 14

Sleep Apnoea

Answer 14

Periodically stop breathing either due to obstruction or central sleep (Due to a delayed signal to the brain)
Results in high blood pressure and heart problems
Sleeping on side, weight loss and C-PAP

Question 15

C-PAP

Answer 15

Continous Postitive Airway Pressure

Question 16

Narcolepsy

Answer 16

• The irresistible urge to sleep
• Sleep attacks
• Cataplexy (Loss of muscle tension)
• Sleep paralysis
• No cure - simulant drugs

Question 17

Insomnia

Answer 17

difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep or waking up

• Psychological, lifestyle and environmental causes
• Stimulus control and sleep restrictions therapy

Question 18

Stimulus control

Answer 18

Bedroom used for sleep and sleep only to create association

Question 19

Sleep restriction therapy

Answer 19

You have to get up at a certain time no matter what - create sleep debt

Question 20

Bright light therapy

Answer 20

Realligns the sleep-wake cycle

Question 21

Sympathic

Answer 21

Staying alive, pupils dialate, inhibits saliva, dilates bronchi, stops bladder contraction

cannot be maintained for long periods of time

Question 22

Parasympathic

Answer 22

please calm down
Stimulates slaliva
Slows heart beat
Contracts bladder (20-50 mins)

Question 23

Difficult tasks

Answer 23

Moderate to low arousal

Question 24

Easy tasks

Answer 24

Moderate to high arousal

Question 25

Adrenaline

Answer 25

Increases arousal immediately responsible for the immediate reactions increases heart rate and energy

Question 26

Norepinephrine

Answer 26

back up for adrenaline

Question 27

Cortisol

Answer 27

Maintains fluid balance and blood pressure as immune system weakens

Question 28

Introverts need

Answer 28

lower arousal levels

Question 29

Extroverts need

Answer 29

Higher arousal levels

Question 30

3 stages of stress

Answer 30

Alarm Resistance Exhaustion

Question 31

Alarm

Answer 31

fight or flight -

Question 32

resistance

Answer 32

Lasts a few weeks Adapts to continuing stress Body remains at elevated arousla but eventually the body has to clam down

Question 33

Exhaustion

Answer 33

``` High arousal can't be maintained Immune system weakens Anxiety and depression Drinking, smoking, the bodies reserves are depleted which can lead to cardiovascular issues ```

Question 34

Problem focused interventions for stress

Answer 34

Fix the situation

Question 35

Emotion focused interventions for stress

Answer 35

Fix the mindset