altertness, basal ganglia, cerebellum

Question 1

inout to motor nerves includes what tracts

Answer 1

pyramidal

extrapyramidal

Question 2

pyramidal tract are from ___

responsible for ____

Answer 2

motor cortex

fine, intentional movements

Question 3

extrapyramidal tracts are ___pathways

Answer 3

indirect

Question 4

reticular formation consists of what two parts

Answer 4

pontine reticulo nuclei

medullary reticulo nuclei

Question 5

pontine reticular nuclei form the ___

Answer 5

pontine reticuar spinal tract

Question 6

function of pontine reticular spinal tract

Answer 6

stimulation of all somatic muscle motor nerves, especially antigravity extensors

Question 7

medullary reticular nuclei form the ____

Answer 7

medullary reticulo-spinal tract

origin in medulla

Question 8

function of medullary reticulo-spinal tract

Answer 8

inhibition of somatic muscle motor nerves, especially antigravity extensors

Question 9

origin of of rubro spinal tract

Answer 9

red nucleus

Question 10

function of rubro spinal tract

Answer 10

stimulation of flexor and inhibition of extensor motor nucleus

Question 11

origin of vestibulo spinal tract

Answer 11

lateral vestibular nuclei

Question 12

function of vestibulo spinal tract

Answer 12

stimulation of extensor extensor, inhibition of flexor motor nerves

Question 13

origin of tecto spinal tract

Answer 13

superior colliculi

Question 14

function of tecto spinal tract

Answer 14

control of neck muscle motor nerves

Question 15

functions of basal ganglia

Answer 15

maintain posture
maintain repetitive movements by controlling spinal cord pattern generators

inhibition of somatic motor activities

Question 16

global stimulation of all basal ganglia nuclei results in

Answer 16

lessened skeletal muscle tone

Question 17

specific lesions in basal ganglia result in

Answer 17

dyskinesia

freeing somatic motor system from inhibition

Question 18

circuits associated with basal ganglia

Answer 18

caudate-direct pathway

putamen-indirect pathway

Question 19

what does caudate pathway do

Answer 19

increases skeletal muscle motor activity -hyperkinetic activity
cognitive control of sequences of motor activity

Question 20

what does indirect pathway do

Answer 20

inhibits/decreases skeletal muscle motor activity-hypokinetic activity
executes patterns of motor activity

Question 21

pathologies interrupting indirect pathway nerve circuits ___ motor activity

Answer 21

increase

hyperkinesia

Question 22

neurotransmitters associated with basal ganglia

Answer 22

GABA
acetylcholine
dopamine
glutamate

Question 23

striatum initiates ___

Answer 23

gross intentional movements

Question 24

what do lesions in GABA secreting nerves of striatum do to indirect pathway and direct

Answer 24

renders it inoperable

then loss of Ach secreting cells in striatum reduces inhibition of direct

Question 25

striatal lesions result in

Answer 25

hyperkinesia

Question 26

subthalamic nuclei normally provides inhibition of

Answer 26

muscle tone related to balance

Question 27

lesions in glutamte secreting nerves from subthalamic nuclei to Int. GP nuc results in

Answer 27

loss of stimulation of internal globus pallidus by subthalamic n more inhibition of inhibitory cells freeing VA/VL from inhibition dyskinesia-ballism

Question 28

globus pallidus maintains

Answer 28

posture

Question 29

lesions to GP __

Answer 29

redice ability of trunk muscles to maintain posture

Question 30

S nigra and parkinsons disease from lesions in

Answer 30

dopamine secreting nerves from pars compacta of s nigra to striatum

Question 31

lesions in s nigra result in

Answer 31

more inhibition of direct pathway and decreased inhibition of indirect pathway frees subthal N from inhibition

Question 32

what kind of disease is parkinsons

Answer 32

hypokinetic

Question 33

what is most common BS lesion

Answer 33

parkinsons

Question 34

resting tremor at ___ common symptom associate with BS lesions

Answer 34

4-5Hz

Question 35

function of BS restored with

Answer 35

L-dopa and anticholinergics

Question 36

what controls eye movements

Answer 36

superior colliculus in s.nigra

Question 37

what does GABA do to superior colliculus

Answer 37

inhibits

Question 38

what does caudate nucleus damage do

Answer 38

removes emotional content from dangerous situations and normal social and moral motivations

Question 39

overall function of cerebellum

Answer 39

maintain posture, balance, smooth positions in dimensional space

Question 40

can cerebellum initiate movement

Answer 40

no

Question 41

anatomic lobes in cerebellum

Answer 41

anterior posterior flocculondular

Question 42

physiologically lobes in cerebellum

Answer 42

paleo spino cerebellum/medial neo cerebro archi vestibulo

Question 43

cerebellar lesions result in

Answer 43

inability to perform smooth, directed movements

Question 44

cerebellar lesions result in

Answer 44

unilateral deficit

Question 45

what is dominant component of cerebellum

Answer 45

neocerebellum | lateral portion of posterior lobe

Question 46

neocerebeullum post lesion inability to

Answer 46

fine motor skill deficit-play instruments | dysarthria

Question 47

paleo cerebellum lesions in felions

Answer 47

increase antigravity muscle tone

Question 48

function of paleo cerebeullum

Answer 48

smooths/coordinates movement lesions-incoordination nonsmooth movements -intention tremor, dysmetria,dysdiodochokinesia, ataxia, pendular phasic stretch reflexes of lower limbs

Question 49

lesions of vestibulo/archi cerebellum

Answer 49

inappropriate saccades | inability to stand upright

Question 50

cerebellum is a___ level processor and modulates ___

Answer 50

mid | ongoing motor activity

Question 51

output of cerebellum

Answer 51

thalamus and motor cortex pontine nuclei motor cortex, basal ganglia, reticular formation

Question 52

cerebellum functions as

Answer 52

high level comparator