AM L1 Introduction

Question 1

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 1

Thickening of the artery wall due to accumulation of fatty material - leading to the production of an atheromatous plaque

Question 2

Atheromateous plaque consists of …. + ….

Answer 2

Paste with a hard fibrotic plaque over the top

Question 3

Stenosis is …

Answer 3

abnormal narrowing of the blood vessel

Question 4

CVD accounts for …% of deaths in Europe

Answer 4

48%

Question 5

Is ATS a modern disease?

Answer 5

No - found in ancient mummies from different lifestyles

Question 6

Prevalence increases/decreases with age?

Answer 6

Increases

Question 7

Two suggestions for why all different lifestyles of ancient mummy showed ATS?

Answer 7

1 lived with open fires in the dwelling
2 chronic infection was not dealt with so it heightened inflammatory response.
….both result in increased risk

Question 8

In 1800s it was propsed ATS was due to

Answer 8

plasma components (including lipids) inducing an inflammatory response in the arterial wall

Question 9

1965 proposed that ATS was…

Answer 9

associated with lipid containing marcropages

Question 10

Present day thinking is that ATS is …

Answer 10

an inflammatory disease.

Immune responses participate in every phase.

Question 11

Define ATS

Answer 11

slowly progressing, pathological process involving the tunica intima of arteries

Question 12

Artery is lined with…

Answer 12

a single layer of cells,

this is what is initially affected.

Question 13

After initial affecting the lining of the artery…

Answer 13

smooth muscle cells are found where you shouldnt have them, with changes to their phenotype

Question 14

Three layers of the arteries

Answer 14

Tunica intima - inner most
Tunica media
Tunica Adventitia/externa - outermost

Question 15

Tunica intima is made of …. cells

Answer 15

endothelial

Question 16

Tunica media is made of …. & …. cells

Answer 16

smooth muscle and elastic tissue

Question 17

Tunica externa is made of ….

Answer 17

connective tissue

Question 18

ATS produces plaques which are…. made of … & ….

Answer 18

focal legions made of lipid material and fibrous tissue

Question 19

LDLs transpost cholesterol ….

Answer 19

to cells

Question 20

HDLs transport cholesterol ….

Answer 20

away from tissues, to the liver

Question 21

Increased levels of LDL or HDL associated with ATS?

Answer 21

LDLs

Question 22

Risk factors of LDLs related to (2)

Answer 22

size of LDL particle and concnetration

Question 23

HDLs are considered protective because…

Answer 23

they carry cholesterol away from the artheroma

Question 24

Low concentrations of LDL or HDL is associated with ATS?

Answer 24

HDLs

Question 25

In early ATS do plaques interfere with flow?

Answer 25

Rarely

Question 26

Thrombosis superimposed on non-stenotic leisons potentially leads to...

Answer 26

ischemia of target organs and tissues | rupture could also lead to block of blood flow

Question 27

Role of endothelial cells? (2)

Answer 27

``` control vascular tone anticoagulant properties (when healthy) ```

Question 28

macrophages are differentiated from....

Answer 28

circulating monocytes

Question 29

Role of macrophages (2)

Answer 29

Phagocytotic | Secrete inflammatory cytokines

Question 30

Inflammatory cytokines are....

Answer 30

small soluble molecules that signal between cells

Question 31

Platelets are derived from

Answer 31

megakaryocytes

Question 32

Role of platelets (2)

Answer 32

Critical roles in hemostasis (stopping the flow of blood) and thrombosis

Question 33

Platelets are...

Answer 33

anucleate cell fragments

Question 34

Smooth muscle is found...

Answer 34

lining the walls of hollow organs and tubes | & in arteries, arterioles and veins

Question 35

Smooth muscle is voluntary or invol?

Answer 35

involuntary