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geography- paper 3 > Amazon rainforest > Flashcards

Amazon rainforest Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Biodiversity

A

Number of different plant and animal species in an area

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2
Q

Amazonia

A
  • 16,000 different tree species
  • 40,000 plant species
  • 1,300 bird species
  • 6 sloth species
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3
Q

Uk tree species

A

30 different

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4
Q

Biodiversity is high in rainforest because

A
  • climate is perfect for all year growth and reproduction
  • rainforest are ancient and have stable climate
  • multiple layers of forest (different habitats)
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5
Q

Amazon rainforest

A

Holds 10% of words plant and animal species

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6
Q

World tropical rainforest

A
  • Ecuador
  • Congo Vadim
  • again countries
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7
Q

Climate of rainforest

A
  • no dry season (60mm of rainfall each year)

- high temp (26-32 all year round)

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8
Q

0-10 m of forest

A

Forest floor
-darkness
(Mammals)

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9
Q

10-20m forest

A

Understorey layer
- Young trees
(Insects)

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10
Q

20-30m forest

A

Canopy layer
-dense
(Snakes, birds, frogs)

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11
Q

30-40m forest

A

Emergent layer
-hardwood and evergreen
(Monkey and birds)

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12
Q

Adaptation

Evergreen hardwood

A

-tall slender trunks with no branches, huge roots

Support weight

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13
Q

Adaptation

Epiphytes

A

-gets nutrients from water and air

Roots dangle mid air

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14
Q

Adaptation

Lianas

A

Stem clings to trees and climb up to sunlight

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15
Q

Adaptation

Drip tip leaves

A

-thick waxy leaves

Shed water quickly to prevent Rot

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16
Q

Adaptation

Sloth

A
  • huge claws (hang upside down)
  • fur grow away from feet (shed rain)
  • green algae on fur (camouflage)
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17
Q

Adaptation

Primates

A

(Lemurs and monkeys)

  • long tails (balance)
  • stein claws (grip trees)
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18
Q

Adaptation

Big cats

A

(Jaguars, tigers, leopards)

-comouflaged fur (blend with sunlight and shade on floor)

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19
Q

Adaptation

Birds

A
  • Loud calls (easier to mate)

- powerful beaks (break open nuts)

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20
Q

Nutrients

A

Tiny amounts of chemical elements and compounds

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21
Q

Nutrient cycle

A

Nutrients eaten by animals
Animals then die
Nutrients recycled

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22
Q

External factors affect nutrient cycle

A
  • added by precipitation/ weathering
  • remover by runoff or leaching
  • taken up from soil as plants grow
  • returned when animals die
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23
Q

Tropical rainforest

Nutrient cycle

A 
Larger biomass store
Smaller litter store 
Large decay transfer 
Larger growth transfer 
Larger weathering input 
Larger leaching output
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24
Q

Food web

A
  • Primary producers (plants)
  • Primary consumers (herbivores)
  • Secondary consumers (carnivores)
  • Tertiary consumers (too carnivores)
  • Detrivores (decomposers)
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25
Directs threat
Deliberate cutting down of trees for timber
26
Indirect threat
Come from pollution, global warming or disease
27
Main threat for tropical rainforest
Deforestation | Direct
28
Deforestation occurs
- poverty - debt - economic development - demand for resources
29
To show rainforest lost
GIS satellite used
30
Dark green on GIS
Tropical rainforest
31
Lighter areas GIS
Deforest places
32
Deforestation happens along
Major roads
33
Different rates of deforestation caused by:
- poverty of low income countries - palm oil industry - protection of forest - isolation
34
Indirect threats are
Harder to manage
35
Main indirect threat
Global warming
36
Globally warming impacts already
- plants are flowering earlier - bird migration patterns are changing - vegetation zones (shifting towards poles)
37
Temp rise of 1°
- 10% of land species face extinction | - biomes shrink
38
Temp rise of 2°
- 15%-40% land species face extinction - biomes shift towards zones - extreme weather
39
Temp rise of 3°
- 20%-50% of land species face extinction - flooding - drought
40
Amazon main droughts
2005 and 2010
41
Droughts put forest ecosystems under stress by
- Drying leaf litter (threatens nutrient cycle) | - leaves in canopy did (reduce food supply affecting food webs)
42
Scientists argue
- deforestation leads to an increase in droughts and severity - fewer trees means less evaporation and transpiration = fewer clouds and less rain
43
Amazonia
- produces 20% global oxygen - 40000 plant species - 2 million insect species
44
Rate of deforestation slowed
- large area protected by government - reduce demand (global recession) - government stricter on illegal logging - forest code law (preserve 80% of forest they own) - 19% voted Green Party
45
CITES
The convention on international trade in endangered species
46
Cites | Lists
29000 plants | 5000 animal
47
What does cites do
- bans cross boarder trade in listed species | - stopping the buying and selling of endangered species
48
Cites advantages
- many countries signed up - wider variety of species - key success - worked well for cute and cuddly threatened species
49
Cites disadvantages
- protects species not ecosystem (doesn’t prevent deforestation) - global warming could undermine its success - relies on funding from counties - has to be underthreat to get on list
50
REDD
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
51
Purpose of redd
Stop deforestation
52
Redd aims
- reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation - conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks - sustainable management of forests
53
Redd works through
Government and TNCs
54
Juma SFR
juma sustainable forest reserve
55
SFR
- non government - brazil first redd project - area of rain forest in Amazon
56
Juma people
- 5880 square kilometres - 35 villages - population= 2400
57
Juma biodiversity
- 21 different species - 430 different birds - 1% deforestation
58
Local people in juma are
Payed to not cut down forest
59
Money to juma people
- From TNCs - families payed $28 a month - alternate income so no deforestation
60
Success of SFR
- without protection 60% would be gone by 2050 - come has risen - funding to build schools, clean water, solar panels - ecotourism developed
61
Not success of SFR
- relies on donations - money for families is less than $1 a day - hard to police (illegal logging may continue)
62
Sustainable forest management
Conserves forest by ensuring they are not used faster than can be renewed
63
Economic benefits of sustainable forest management
Reducing poverty by creating income from alternative livelihoods
64
Social benefits of sustainable forest management
Involve improving facilities to benefit the community
65
Environmental benefits of sustainable forest management
Protect forest biodiversity and other resource
66
Sustainable environmental management
Kilum-ljim
67
Kilum-ljim
- mountain rainforest - Cameroon, Africa - 35 communities
68
What did kilum-ljim do
- market out forest reserve area - made list of resources - developed rules for the sustainable use of forest - set up unit to manage and monitor forest - educate communities about replanting trees
69
Kilum-ljim aim
Conserve so future generations could use it
70
Challenges faced
- population growth = increase pressure - money from doners could end - climate change can degrade
71
Agroforestry
(Sustainable farming) - crops are grown between trees so trees are not cut - crops of different height are grown to protect soil from erosion and reduce pest numbers
72
Ecotourism
- small scale, low impact tourism - appeals to tourists interested in wildlife - tourists stay with local families and eat local food - money from tourists go to local people

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