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History > America in the 1920s > Flashcards

America in the 1920s Flashcards

1
Q

What is Isolationism?

A

-When a country isolates itself from the affairs of other countries by declaring not to enter into alliances or commitments.

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2
Q

What is the Monroe Doctorine 1923?

A

-America should stay out of Europe’s affairs, and vice versa.

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3
Q

How many soldiers died in WW1 for America?

A

-100,000.

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4
Q

What is a boom?

A

-When a countries economy increases rapidly in a short amount of time, which benefits the country and the employment in full.

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5
Q

Describe industry.

A
  • Sales of consumer good doubled e.g. cars went from 9 million - 26 million.
  • Roads doubled in count in the 1920s.
  • The roads gave an increase tot the truck industry. It went from 1 million to 3.5 million.
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6
Q

Describe Transport.

A
  • Cars made it possible to live in the suburbs e.g. Queens doubled in size.
  • A passenger airline was built, by 1930 new airlines flew 162,000 flights a year.
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7
Q

Describe homelife.

A
  • Silk stockings are no longer for the rich, in 1919 only 12,000 had been sold and in 1930 300 million were sold.
  • In 1918 only a few homes had electricity, by 1929 almost all urban homes had it.
  • Mail order catalogue was introduced in 1927.
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8
Q

Describe Cities.

A

-Skyscrapers were being built in New York, more buildings were built during the boom than any other part of history.

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9
Q

How much time did it take to build a car?

What was the price drop from 1908 - 1925?

A
  • 13 hours to 1 hour 33 minutes.
  • In 1908 it was $850.
  • In 1925 it was $290.
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10
Q

What was the Volstead Act or 18th Amendment in January 1920?

A

-The manufacture, sale or transport of intoxicating liquors within the United States for beverage purposes is herby prohibited.

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11
Q

What is prohibition?

A

-The ban of alcohol.

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12
Q

What is temperance?

A

-To restrain from drinking alcohol.

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13
Q

Describe prohibition.

A
  • In rural states there was a temperance movement, by 1916 21 states were ‘dry’.
  • Many christians fell alcohol ruined families.
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14
Q

What are prohibition agents?

A

-Agents whose sole job was to track those who were breaking prohibition laws.

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15
Q

Why did prohibition fail?

A

-Officers were pid off not to snitch, with bribes of up to $1000.
-Gangs made $2 billion on the selling of illegal alcohol.
There were 130 gangland murders in 1926 and 1927.
-There were speakeasies during prohibition than there were saloons before.

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16
Q

What are speakeasies?

A

-Illegal bars in the 1920s.

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17
Q

What are bootleggers?

A

-The people who transported the alcohol from the suppliers to the speakeasies.

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18
Q

What are stills?

A

-Illegal distilleries where people made there own alcohol..

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19
Q

What is moonshine?

A

-Illegal homemade whiskey.

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20
Q

Who were Isidore Einstein and Moe Smith?

A

-They were prohibition agents who made a total of 4392 arrests.

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21
Q

What were the causes of the boom?

A
  • Industrial Strength
  • World War One
  • State of Mind
  • Republican Policies
  • Hire Purchase
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22
Q

Describe Industrial Strength.

A
  • It had a growing population of 123 million by 1923.
  • They were the world leading industrial nation.
  • They had many raw materials such as oil, coal, iron and gas.
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23
Q

Describe World War One.

A
  • America joined the war in 1917 so hd 3 years savings.

- America loaned money to Germany so they got interest.

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24
Q

Describe Republican Policies.

A
  • From 1922-1932 republicans were in power.

- !922 the Fordney-McCumber Act: Set up saying that it will cost lots to import food from Europe.

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25
Q

Describe State of Mind.

A
  • People wanted the best living situation.
  • In early days people believed in ‘Saving money for a rainy day’ but in the 1920s it was spend your money because you have it.
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26
Q

Describe Hire Purchase.

A
  • It allowed more people to buy consumer goods, it was scheme where consumers could buy a product but pay for it in instalments.
  • 8 out of 10 radios were brought on hire purchase.
  • 6 out of 10 cars were brought on hire purchase.
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27
Q

Why were the 20s roaring?

A
  • The film industry was booming.
  • Sport was nearly as popular as business.
  • The average wage rose by 11%.
  • More skyscrapers were built.
  • Jazz music became really popular.
  • In 1921 there was only one licensed radio station, but by the end of 1922 there were 508.
  • By the end of 1929 NBC made $150 million a year.
  • The first ‘Talkie’ Was made in 1927.
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28
Q

Why weren’t the 20s roaring?

A
  • Older people didn’t like Jazz.
  • Big industries took over.
  • There were worried that they were becoming sex-obsessed by films - 36 states threatened to introduce censorship.
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29
Q

Who was Clara Bow?

A

-She was the ‘It’ girl.

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30
Q

What was a flapper?

A
  • The were granted the vote in all states.
  • There were 10 million women in jobs by 1929, 24% more than in 1920.
  • In 1914 the were 100,000 divorces, by 1929 this had doubled.
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31
Q

How had women’s lives changed?

A
  • They would wear short skirts, have shot hair and had the flat chested “Garconne” look.
  • They wore mens clothes.
  • They smoked, drank and wore makeup.
  • Played Tennis.
  • Danced wildly in jazz clubs.
  • Were openly lesbian or sexually active.
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32
Q

Why did the lives stay the same?

A
  • Flappers scandalised America.
  • The Anti-Flirt Association tried to persuade young americans to act decently.
  • Women were still payed less.
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33
Q

Who didn’t Benefit from the boom?

A
  • Textile workers, because of new industrial methods.
  • Poor white people, because they couldn’t get jobs.
  • New immigrants, because they couldn’t get jobs.
  • Coal miners, because their wages were too low.
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34
Q

Why did farmers struggle?

A

-The war was over and there were fewer outs to feed and too much crop - Over production
-They had competition from Canadian wheat farmers.
-Farmers were becoming unemployed.
-Cities didn’t want unskilled farmers.
-The land was over worked.
Banks were repossessing farms.

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35
Q

What was the consequence for farmers?

A

-They lost lots of money and house, they also lost their land and made too many crops which they couldn’t sell.

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36
Q

What were the differences between urban and rural America?

A
  • Rural didn’t want to teach evolution in school, but Urban areas did.
  • Rural areas made it illegal in 6 states.
  • Rural areas were very traditional and religious.
  • A Teacher, John Scopes, deliberately broke the law in order to go on trail and fight the fundamentalists.
37
Q

What were the Jim Crow laws?

A

-They were intended to restrict social contact between whites another groups to limit the freedom and opportunity of black america.

38
Q

Describe the Klu Klux Klan (KKK).

A
  • Origins: White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs).
  • Beliefs: White Supremacy, Anti-semitism, racism,
    anti-catholicism, anti-immigration, homophobic.
  • Actions: ross burning, beating, lynching and mutilation.
  • Population: 4.5 million by 1924, peeked at 6 million, with people like police, judges and politicians involved.
39
Q

Describe the film ‘Birth of a Nation’.

A
  • White Actors played black people using face paint / Black face.
  • Woodrow Wilson said it was true - he was intolerant of black people.
  • Showed the KKK actions i.e lynching.
40
Q

What are the problems for African Americans?

A
  • KKK.
  • Portrayed negatively in films and media.
  • life expectancy was a lot lower.
  • Lived in poverty.
41
Q

improvements for African Americans?

A
  • There were associations set up to help them:
  • National Association of Advancement of coloured people. (NAACP)
  • Universal Negro Improvement Association.(UNIA)
  • They moved tot he north for better jobs,
  • Marcus Garvey set up the UNIA and helped them set up shops and businesses.
42
Q

Describe Native Americans.

A
  • They were the original settlers.

- They almost disappeared when the USA expanded, From 1.5 million to 250,000 in 1920.

43
Q

How many new immigrants were in America in the 1920s?

A

-25 million.

44
Q

What is a Red Scare?

A
  • A feeling where some americans were afraid immigrants would bring over communist ideas.
  • In 191 400,000 americans went on strike.
45
Q

What is the Emergency Quota Act 1921?

A

-New immigrants were limited to 3% of the total of the same nationality of immigrants already in America in 1910, max was 357,000.

46
Q

What is the Reed-Johnson Act 1924?

A

-New immigrants were limited to 2% of the total of the same nationality already in America in 1890, max 154,000.

47
Q

What is a Melting Pot?

A

Lots of different races and religions in one country.

48
Q

What is tolerance?

A

-To accept the existence of others.

49
Q

What is communism?

A

-When the government owns everything and everyone is equal.

50
Q

How much money money went to richest 5% and how much to the poorest 42%?

A
  • Richest 5% got 32%.

- Poorest 42% got 10%.

51
Q

What are dust bowl farms?

A

-A farm destroyed by a series of dust storms,overproduction and poor conservation.

52
Q

What was a Hooverville?

A

-Shanty towns built on wasteland, built by the poor during the depression.

53
Q

What were the causes of the Wall Street Crash?

A
  • Banks
  • Speculation
  • Unequal Distribution of Wealth
  • Republican Policies
  • Over Production
54
Q

Describe Unemployment.

A
  • Wages fell by 60% between 1928 and 1933.

- In 1933, there were 14 million unemployed.

55
Q

Describe Industries.

A
  • Older Industries such as textiles and coal had been declining for years.
  • The building industry had been declining since 1926.
56
Q

Describe Republican Policies.

A
  • High tariffs were placed on export which meant people buy goods within the country.
  • They did not interfere with banks or businesses (Laissez Faire).
57
Q

How were sales going in 1929/30?

A
  • 1929: 26 million cars sold.
  • 1929: 10 million radios sold.
  • 1930: 20 millions telephones sold.
  • For every fridge sold in 1921 there were 167 sold in 1929.
58
Q

Describe banks.

A
  • In 1929 they lent out $9 billion for speculating.

- Hire purchase meant that poor people could buy goods without having the money.

59
Q

Describe Speculators.

A
  • Many speculators brought shares ‘on the margin’ which meant that they put down 10% of the needed cash and borrowed the rest from the bank.
  • By 1929 there were 20 million speculators and a population of 120 million.
  • More shares were being sold back due to lack of confidence in 1929.
  • Speculators were constantly moving their money.
60
Q

What is speculation?

A

-borrowing money from the bank and putting it into the stock marketing selling them quickly for a price.

61
Q

Describe over production.

A
  • New technologies caused factories o produce even more products.
  • The farming industry was over producing.
62
Q

Describe Unequal Distribution of Wealth.

A
  • 1/3 of all income went to the top 5% of the country,

- 42% of Americans lived below the ‘Poverty Line’.

63
Q

What happened to the banks between 1929 and 1933?

A
  • 1929: 659 Banks closed.
  • 1930: 1,352 banks went bankrupt.
  • The bak of New York had 400,000 depositors.
  • 1931: 2.294 banks were under.
  • 1933: 5,000 banks were bankrupt.
64
Q

How much did the percentage of working women go up by in 1929?

A

-25%.

65
Q

Describe the War Bonus Marchers.

A
  • June 1932 service men asked for their bonuses early.
  • They peacefully campaigned but hoover refused to meet with them.
  • General Douglas MacArthur was appointed the job of seeing them.
  • He convinced himself that they were communists.
  • He burnt down camps and tear gassed them.
  • Hoover said ‘Thank God hat America still knew how to deal with a mob.’
  • It was NOT good for Hoover.
66
Q

Describe the 1932 election.

A
  • Mainly between Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt.
  • Almost a quarter (1/4) of the workforce were unemployed.
  • Republicans had been in power since 1920.
  • Roosevelt had an ‘active government’ which meant he had advice outside governments.
  • Roosevelt made train journey of 16000km; 16 major speeches were made.
  • He won by 7 million.
67
Q

What 3 things did Hoover tell people?

A
  • He told everyone ‘prosperity was just around the corner.’
  • He told everyone to be optimistic.
  • He lowered taxes hoping people would buy more goods.
68
Q

What is a tariff?

A

-When a government charges extra money to import goods into their country. This will make people spend their money within the country.

69
Q

What was the income of farmer in 1919 and 1928?

A
  • 1919: $22 billion

- 1928: $13 billion

70
Q

What’s a dividend?

A

-A yearly profit pay out.

71
Q

What are investors?

A

-People who have a share in a company.

72
Q

What are these people called?

A

-Share holders.

73
Q

What was Hoovers famous, yet false quote?

A

-“Prosperity is just around the corner”

74
Q

Why did Hoover lose?

A
  • He was a ‘do nothing’ president.
  • He believed in rugged individualism (no American should rely on the government.)
  • He believed in Laissez-faire.
  • Didn’t accept there was a problem until 1932.
  • He blocked the Garner Wagner bill in 1932, which would have provided $2.1 billion to create new jobs.
75
Q

Describe the first new deal.

A
  • Roosevelt was given the hundred days which gave him emergency powers root he 9th March 1933.
  • He promised to:
  • Get America back to work.
  • Provide relief for the sick, old and unemployed.
  • Protect their savings and property.
  • Get industry and agriculture back on their feet.
  • Restore Americas confidence and get out the the depression.
76
Q

What was the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)?

A

-They stopped over production and helped to modernise farms.

77
Q

What was the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)?

A

-Met the urgent needs of the poor and spent $500 million on soup kitchens,blankets, employment and nursery schools.

78
Q

What was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)?

A

-Young Unemployed men would sign on for 6 months work, around 2.5 million men were helped.

79
Q

What was the Public Work Administration (PWA)?

A

-Helped the unemployed by building airports, schools etc. millions earned small wages and he construction helps to provide lots of jobs once America recovered.

80
Q

What is the National Recovery Administration (NRA)?

A

-Business men joined a role of honour and promised to give good wages and cut production.

81
Q

What is the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)?

A

-21 dams were built in Tennessee across 7 states, the dams made it possible to irrigate dried land and stop flooding, this produced electricity and jobs.

82
Q

Why was the new deal successful?

A
  • Restored confidence.
  • Farmers were 50% better off with AAA by 1936.
  • PWA created 600,000 jobs.
  • TVA helped jobs and Tennessee.
83
Q

Why was the new deal unsuccessful?

A
  • TVA created unfair competition.
  • Roosevelt was acting like a dictator.
  • Modernised farms but farmers were out of work.
  • Roosevelt spent $16 million of rich peoples money.
  • It didn’t help everyone, i.e. Women, African Americans and the very poor.
84
Q

The second New deal: 1935.

What was the Wagner Act?

A

-Made it illegal to fire someone for being in a union.

85
Q

What was the Social Security Act?

A
  • Provided state pensions for the elderly and widows, help for he sick and disabled.
  • Unemployed people would receive a small benefit to help them out.
86
Q

What was The Works Progress Administration?

A
  • Aimed to create jobs.

- Created jobs for office workers, employed actors, artists and photographers.

87
Q

What was the Re-settlement Administration (RA)?

A

-Moved over 500,000 families to better homes and land.

88
Q

What was the Farms Security Administration?

A
  • Replaced the RA in 1937.
  • Gave loans to small farmers who couldn’t buy land.
  • Provided decent living conditions for migrants.
89
Q

Why was this good?

A

-It broadened out the New Deal so it helped more people.

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