American History Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
Northern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere
A
North America.
2
Q
North America joins South America at the tip of_____.
A
Panama.
3
Q
What Oceans surround North America?
A
Arctic, Atlantic, and the Pacific.
4
Q
What countries make North America?
A
United States, Canada, Mexico, Central America, Greenland, and most of the islands west of the Indies.
5
Q
_____ has a varied geography of rivers, lakes, valleys, plateaus, and mountains. Bordered on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, the west by the Ohio River, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario, the southern border is the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland.
A
Northeast.
6
Q
_____ gradually narrows from the South to the North as the Appalachian Mountain range extends in a northeasterly direction from Georgia into Maine.
A
Coastal Plains.
7
Q
Major waterways in the northeast are:
A
the Delaware, Hudson, and Connecticut Rivers.
8
Q
____ contains the broad Atlantic Coastal Plains, which gradually widens from Maryland in a southwesterly direction until it meets the Gulf Coastal Plain on the edge of the Gulf of Mexico
A
Southeast.
9
Q
The ____ and _____ are the highest elevations in the southeast.
A
Appalachian and Blue Ridge Mountains.
10
Q
Rivers that irrigate the southeast are:
A
Potomac, James, Roanoke, Savannah, Chattahoochee, Mississippi, and Red Rivers.
11
Q
____ is bordered on the north by four Great Lakes (Superior, Michigan, Huron, and Erie). Its eastern border is the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, its western borders are the Rocky Mountains, and its southern border is Kansas and Missouri.
A
Midwest.
12
Q
Physical characteristics of the Midwest:
A
Interior Plains and Great Plains.
13
Q
Major rivers in the Midwest:
A
Ohio, Illinois, Mississippi, Platte, and Arkansas Rivers.
14
Q
_____region rises out of the Great Plains into the Rocky Mountains and proceeds into the Pacific Ocean at a generally much higher altitude than the rest of the United States.
A
Western (West).
15
Q
A large part of the _____ is desert. The Sonoran and Painted Deserts are in Arizona while the Mojave Desert is in California. North of these deserts is the Colorado Plateau, which is surrounded by the Rocky Mountains and the Great Basin, which is between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range.
A
Southwest.
16
Q
Major rivers in the West include:
A
Pecos, Rio Grande, Colorado, Gila, Snake, Columbia, Sacramento, and the San Joaquin Rivers.
17
Q
The ____ ____ runs through the Rocky Mountains.
A
Continental Divide .
18
Q
Rivers to the west drain into the _____, while rivers on the east drain into the _____ and ______.
A
Pacific Ocean.
Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico.
19
Q
There are over ___ rivers that cross the continental 48 states.
A
800.
20
Q
The ___ ___ divides the country roughly into 1/3 to the east and 2/3 to the west and has the largest average discharge and drainage area.
A
Mississippi River.
21
Q
The longest river in the United States:
A
Missouri River.
22
Q
2nd longest river in the United States:
A
Mississippi River.
23
Q
3rd longest river in the United States:
A
Yukon River in Alaska.
24
Q
4th longest river in the United States:
A
Rio Grande River - runs through Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas.
25
Forms a boundary between the United States and Canada.
The Great Lakes.
26
Name the Great Lakes:
Lake Superior; Lake Michigan; Lake Huron; Lake Erie; and Lake Ontario.
27
Name the states that border at least 1 of the Great Lakes:
Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York.
28
The largest lake in the western US; Smaller than the Great Lakes:
The Great Salt Lake in Utah.
29
5 most prominent mountain ranges in North America:
1. Appalachian Mountains
2. Cascade Range
3. Klamath Range
4. Rocky Mountain Range
5. Sierra Nevada Mountain Range
30
Most of the mountain ranges are located in the ____ part of the country.
Western.
31
The ___ ___ of North America cover roughly 1.4 million square miles that extends for about 2,400 miles from the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, southward through Texas into Mexico, and approximately 1,000 miles from the foothills of the Rocky Mountains eastward to Indiana.
Great Plains.
32
3 of the 4 major deserts of North America are contained within the ___, which lies between the Rocky Mountain Range to the east and the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range to the west.
Basin and Range Province.
33
_______ is the largest desert in the United States and covers an arid expanse of about 190,000 square miles and is bordered by the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range on the west and the Rocky Mountains on the east, the Columbia Plateau to the north, and the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts to the south.
The Great Basin Desert.
34
Undrained basins are characteristics of the ___ and ___.
Mojave and Chihuahuan Deserts.
35
The _____ is the hottest desert in the United States.
Sonoran Desert.
36
The _____ was filled by the Colorado River flood waters and remains full in the Sonoran Desert.
Salton Sea.
37
Desert streams and rivers are formed where there are grasslands, semiarid woodlands, and forested uplands called:
Watersheds.
38
The _____ is believed to have been up to 600 miles wide, a result of lower global sea levels.
Bering Land Bridge.
39
When the ice age ended and sea levels began to rise, it flooded the Bering Land Bridge and created the ____.
Bering Strait.
40
The northern most Native American culture that survives today is the___. They were maritime hunters, concentrating on walrus and seals. They lived in the Arctic regions of North America.
Inuit.
41
The ______, or Northwest Indians, were primarily salmon fishers. They lived in permanent villages stretching from Northern California to Southern Alaska.
Kwakiutl.
42
Far to the south, the ____, or cliff dwellers, settled east of the Grand Canyon in the 4 corners area of Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. They dug vast apartment-like complexes into the mountain walls.
Anasazi.
43
When a drought reduced the Anasazi food supply, they moved to farming communities along the Rio Grande River. The Spanish referred to these communities as ____.
Pueblos.
44
The Pueblo people are _____ and have strict community codes of behavior. The Pueblos are the oldest continuously occupied towns in the United States.
Matrilineal.
45
In the Mississippi river valley, the most distinctive trait of the Mississippian culture was the building of enormous mounds as temples, they were known as the :
Mound Builders or Mississippians.
46
The largest settlement of Mississippians was a city of more than 30,000 at present day St. Louis called:
Cahokia.
47
One of the largest cultures living in the northeast in present-day upstate New York and Ontario, Canada were called:
Iroquois.
48
The ___ ___ was the most important and powerful Native American political alliance. It successfully ended generations of tribal warfare.
Iroquois Confederacy.
49
___ were a linguistically and racially-diverse people that inhabited the Florida peninsula.
Seminoles.
50
As the European population grew in the states of Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina, a group of Indians from the ___ ___ began moving into unoccupied lands in Florida in the early 1700's.
Creek Confederacy.
51
In 1492, ___ ___ was able to test his theory that one could reach Asia by sailing west from Europe due to the support of Spanish Monarchs King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.
Christopher Columbus.
52
The ___ and ___ were interested in finding faster and cheaper routes to Asia rather than through the Mediterranean Sea and on land traveling through places controlled by Muslims and Italians.
Spanish and Portuguese.
53
___ proved to be both a powerful cause and purpose of Spanish exploration.
Religion.
54
The Spanish forced Indians to work for them in a system known as encomienda, which meant:
virtual slavery.
55
The earliest Spanish settlements and explorations were primarily in:
Central and South America.
56
The first permanent settlement of Europeans in the present-day United States was established in 1565 when the Spanish founded:
St. Augustine, Florida.
57
Sponsored by the Spanish Monarchy, ___ had discovered the southern route to the Pacific Ocean and onward to India in 1519.
Ferdinand Magellan.
58
The English sent ____ to North America in 1497.
John Cabot.
59
The first permanent English colony was established in 1607 at ___.
Jamestown, Virginia.
60
____ of England licensed two joint-stock companies to pursue organizing settlements in Virginia.
King James I.
61
The ___ and ___ were backed by private investors to establish colonies in the land previously claimed for the English crown.
The Plymouth Company and The London Company.
62
The French sent ____ in 1524 and _____ in 1534 to find passages through North America into the Pacific Ocean, but nothing was found.
Giovanni de Verrazano and Jacques Cartier.
63
These people would claim lands for France in the 17th century drained by the St. Lawrence River in Canada and the Mississippi River in the U.S.
Champlain, Marquette, Joliett, and La Salle.
64
The exchange of food, plants, animals, and diseases between the Europeans and Native Americans.
The Colombian Exchange.
65
The Europeans introduced these to the Americas:
The Europeans took these back to England:
1. Sugar, Rice, Coffee, Horses, Pigs, and Cows.
| 2. Corn and Potatoes
66
Native Americans who interacted with the English and French became increasingly dependent on:
The Fur and Hide Trade.
67
By 1800, the Native American population had decreased by ___ due to European diseases such as smallpox, influenza, and measles.
70%.
68
A merchant charter from King James I based out of London;
Colonized between the Hudson and Cape Fear Rivers;
A joint-stock company that raised their capital by the sale of shares of stock.
The Virginia Company of London.
69
in 1607, the new settlement on the James river was named in honor of England's king;
Was the first permanent English settlement in North America.
Jamestown, Virginia.
70
A charter based in Plymouth that was granted the right to colonize in North America from the Potomac to the north border of Maine;
Was a joint-stock company that raised their capital nu the sales of stock.
The Virginia Company of Plymouth.
71
The 3 regions of the Atlantic English Colonies are:
1. Plantation / Southern
2. New England
2. Middle
72
His dynamic and ruthless leadership kept the colony of Jamestown from collapsing. His rule was "He who works not, eats not."
John Smith.
73
He discovered that a superior strain of tobacco that was native to the west Indies could be grown in Virginia, which gave Virginia their first cash crop.
John Rolfe.
74
A poor workers passage to America was paid by an American planter or the company itself in exchange for work for the planter or company for a specific number of years.
Indentured Servant System.
75
By the mid 1700's, ___ was the most valuable cash crop produced in the southern states. This required a cheap labor source in order to make a profit.
Tobacco.
76
This was used to encourage the inportation of intentured servents. Whoever paid the passage of a laborer would receive the right to acquire 50 acres of land.
The Headright System.
77
When Africans were brought to Virginia for the first time in 1619, they were treated as ___ rather than slaves.
Indentured Servants.
78
He wanted Virginia for himself due to its potential profits from tobacco growing.
He revoked the London Company's charter and made Virginia a Royal Colony.
King James I.
79
Began importing slaves directly to North America when tobacco prices fell in the late 1600's.
Slaves were expensive but could be worked harder than indentured servants since they weren't under contract.
The English Royal Africa Company.
80
State laws established to determine the status of slaves and the rights of their owners.
This placed harsh restrictions on slaves already limited freedoms, often in order to prevent rebellion or escape, and gave slave owners absolute power over their slaves.
Slave Code.
81
By 1750, ___ of slaves were born in the colonies.
80%.
82
Was founded by an individual proprietor rather than a corporation like Virginia and New England.
Maryland.
83
King Charles I gave ___ the land of Maryland. It was used to provide a haven for fellow Roman Catholics. Maryland was a religious tolerant colony from the beginning since the majority of immigrants were Protestants.
Lord Baltimore.
84
These states were also proprietary colonies:
The Carolinas and Georgia.
85
King Charles I gave a group of philanthropists the charter to Georgia to use as a buffer between:
The Spanish in Florida and the English in South Carolina.
86
This colony was established for debtors who could be released from English prisons and given a second chance in the colonies.
Georgia.
87
Organized by the Puritans who wanted to escape political repression, religious restrictions, and economic recession. In 1693, they established settlements in Boston and other towns.
Massachusetts Bay Colony.
88
1. Came to New England in family groups which stabilized the colony and increased population more quickly than the southern states;
2. Typically lived in small villages surrounded by farmland;
3. Developed a strict code of moral conduct under governor John Winthrop;
4. Believed in a close relationship between church and state;
5. They did not tolerate religious diversity;
6. Founded Harvard and Yale to ensure an adequate supply of ministers.
The Puritans.
89
Was expelled from Massachusetts for challenging the Puritans. He believed that the state was an improper and ineffectual agency in matters of the spirit. He founded Rhode Island.
Roger Williams.
90
Was banished to Rhode Island after she challenged clerical authority and claimed to have had revelations from God.
Anne Hutchinson.
91
Ships' crews had to be three-quarters English, and "enumerated" products not produced by the mother country, such as tobacco, cotton, and sugar were to be shipped from the colonies only to England or other English colonies
The British Navigation Act of 1660.
92
When King Charles II granted the area between Connecticut and Maryland to his brother, the Duke of York, he essentially declared war against the ___.
Dutch.
93
They were the first to settle in what became the colony of New York.
The Dutch.
94
Colony most famously associated with the Quakers:
Pennsylvania.
95
Founded by William Penn, the colony was unusually liberal and included a representative assembly elected by landowners.
They granted freedom of religion and did not have a state-supported church.
Pennsylvania.
96
Believed in pacifism, according women a larger role in church services than other religious sects in the colonies, and was one of the first to oppose slavery.
The Quakers.
97
___ was generally accepted as a labor system. This institution was legally established in all of the colonies.
Slavery.
98
The belief that human reason was adequate to solve all of mankind's problems, and, correspondingly, much less faith was needed in the central role of God as an active force in the universe.
Rationalism (The Enlightenment Movement)
99
A major English political philosopher of the Enlightenment;
He held that such natural laws included the rights of life, liberty, and property;
That to secure these rights people submit to governments and that governments which abuse these rights may justly be overthrown.
John Locke.
100
The most notable Enlightenment man in america. He never denied the existence of God, but he focused his attention on human reason and what it could accomplish.
Benjamin Franklin.
101
Took the form of a wave of religious revivals that began in New England in the 1730's. Swept across all the colonies during the 1740's and many slaves were converted to Christianity in the southern colonies.
Was the first national event that affected all of the colonies.
The First Great Awakening.
102
In the wake of winning the French and Indian War, Great Britain imposed revenue taxes on American colonists and prohibited colonists from moving west of the crest of the Appalachian Mountains was called:
The Proclamation of 1763.
103
Was strongly anti-American;
Became Prime Minister of Great Britain in 1763;
Implemented the Navigation Acts, Sugar Act, the Stamp Act, the Quartering Act, and the Townshend Acts.
George Grenville.
104
A series of laws passed in the English Parliament in 1651, 1660 and 1663;
The purpose was to encourage British shipping and allow Great Britain to retain the monopoly of British colonial trade for the benefit of British merchants.
The Navigation Acts.
105
A British Law, passed by the Parliament of Great Britain on April 5, 1764, that was designed to raise revenue from the American colonists in the 13 Colonies.
The Act set a tax on sugar and molasses imported into the colonies which impacted the manufacture of rum in New England.
This act was passed in 1764 placing a three-penny tax on each gallon of molasses entering the colonies from parts outside the British Empire. Several northern colonies used imported molasses to make rum. Britain wanted to increase money coming from the colonies.
The Sugar Act.
106
A British Law, passed by the Parliament of Great Britain during the reign of King George III during the ministry of George Grenville (Lord Grenville).
It was designed to raise revenue from the American Colonies by a duty (tax) in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents.
Was the first direct tax to be levied on the American colonies. It was the first serious attempt to assert governmental authority over the 13 colonies.
This act was passed in 1765. To help pay for the French and Indian War, British Parliament made colonists pay for a British logo that was to be stamped on any printed material, such as newspaper, legal papers, and playing cards.
The Stamp Act.
107
Two British Laws, passed by the Parliament of Great Britain 1765 and 1774, that were designed to force local colonial governments to provide provisions and housing to British soldiers stationed in the 13 Colonies of America
This made provisions for British troops to be given food and shelter at the expense of the American colonists. This was one of the series of Intolerable Acts passed as a reprisal to the Boston Tea Party. This history is directly linked to the causes of the American Revolution.
The Quartering Acts.
108
These were a series of laws which set new import taxes on British goods including paint, paper, lead, glass and tea and used revenues to maintain British troops in America and to pay the salaries of some Royal officials who were appointed to work in the American colonies.
This regulated colonial trade by taxing items needed by the colonies.
In 1767, British Parliament created this act to gain more money from the colonies. A tariff was place on imported goods, including glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea.
The Townshend Acts.
109
A pre-revolutionary incident that occurred on March 5, 1770. British soldiers, who were quartered in the city, fired into a rioting mob killing five American civilians in Boston.
British troops had been sent to Boston in 1768 to maintain order, protect the customs officers and to enforce the Townshend Acts.
The Boston Massacre of 1770.
110
This act was passed in 1773 because colonists refused to buy tea from the British East India Company and buy from smuggled in tea. So, Parliament allowed British to sell its tea cheaper than the price of the smuggled tea. Parliament thought the colonists would buy the less expensive tea, and acknowledging Britain's right to tax them.
The Tea Act.
111
This act was passed in 1774 to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party. This act closed Boston Harbor until the colonist paid for the ruined tea. Also, a new governor came into power in Massachusetts which made him like a dictator.
The Intolerable Acts / Coercive Acts.
112
Organized to protest the 1773 Tea Act. In December 1773, Samuel Adams warned Boston residents of the consequences of the Tea Act. Boston was boycotting the tea in protest of the Tea Act and would not let the ships bring the tea ashore. Finally, on the night of December 16, 1773, colonials disguised as Indians boarded the ships and threw the tea overboard. They did so because they were afraid that Governor Hutchinson would secretly unload the tea because he owned a share in the cargo.
The Boston Tea Party.
113
Closed the Port of Boston to all trade until local citizens agreed to pay for the lost tea.
The Boston Port Act.
114
Increased the power of Massachusetts' royal governor at the expense of the legislature.
Massachusetts Government Act.
115
Provided that royal officials accused of crimes in Massachusetts could be tried elsewhere for a greater chance of acquittal.
The Administration of Justice Act.
116
Britain's company in charge of trade in India;
Allowed this company to sell tea directly to the colonists at a considerably reduced price.
Britains attempt to establish a tea monopoly in the colonies.
The British East India Company.
117
Passed in 1774, but was not apart of the Intolerable Acts. It gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law; this law nullified many of the Western claims of the coast colonies by extending the boundaries of the province of Quebec to the Ohio River on the south and to the Mississippi River on the west.
The Quebec Act.
118
In 1744, they first met in Philadelphia in order to redress colonial grievances over the Intolerable Acts.
The 13 colonies, excluding Georgia, sent 55 men to the convention. It was not a legislative body, but a consultative body, and convention rather than a congress.
After 7 weeks of deliberation, they drew up several papers. The papers included a Declaration of Rights and solemn appeals to other British-American colonies, to the king, and to the British people.
They endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.
The First Continental Congress.
119
Convened in May 1775, they opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition.
Second Continetal Congress.
120
The king of England from 1760 to 1820, exercised a greater hand in the government of the American colonies than had many of his predecessors. Colonists were torn between loyalty to the king and resistance to acts carried out in his name. After he rejected the Olive Branch Petition, the colonists came to see him as a tyrant.
King George III
121
A well-known Harvard educated lawyer from Massachusetts defended the British soldiers accused of the Boston Massacre.
A delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses, and led in the movement for independence.
During the Revolutionary War, he served in France and Holland in diplomatic roles, and helped negotiate the treaty of peace.
From 1785-1788 he was minister to the Court of St. James's, returning to be elected Vice President under George Washington.
He then served as second President of the United States.
John Adams
122
A Virginia mad that made his military debut in the French and Indian War. In spite of his losses during the war, the Virginia House of Burgess gave him commendations and the rank of Colonel.
He wore his military uniform to the Second Continental Congress where he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.
He became a prime mover in the steps leading to the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia in 1787.
When the new constitution was ratified, the Electoral College unanimously elected him the first President of the United States.
George Washington
123
A delegate from Virginia, at the age of 33 was the youngest to attend the Continental Congress. He wasn't much of a speaker, but was an eloquent writer and drafted the Declaration of Independence.
He succeeded Benjamin Franklin as minister to France in 1785.
He became Vice President to John Adams even though he was his opponent.
Became the 3rd President of the United States.
Thomas Jefferson
124
Published his pamphlet Common Sense in January 1776, exhorting Americans to rise in opposition to the British government and establish a new government based on Enlightenment ideals.
Historians have cited the publication of this pamphlet as the event that finally sparked the Revolutionary War. He also published rational criticisms of religion, most famously in The Age of Reason (1794-1807).
Thomas Paine
125
Written in 1776 was one of the most potent pamphlets ever written. It called for the colonists to realize their mistreatment and push for independence from England.
The author Thomas Paine introduced such ideas as nowhere in the universe sis a smaller heavenly body control a larger. For this reason their is no reason for England to have control over the vast lands of America.
The pamphlet with its high-class journalism as well as propaganda sold a total of 120,000 copies within a few months.
Common Sense
126
British general in the Revolution. He was commander in chief of the North American forces and military governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay.
General Thomas Gage
127
The first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775); British general Thomas Gage went to confiscate the stockpiled weapons of the colonists and arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock in Concord, Massachusetts; called the "Shot Heard 'Round the World"
Lexington and Concord
128
A soldier of the American Revolution whose troops helped capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British (1738-1789).
Ethan Allen
129
An American General during the Revolutionary War (1776). He prevented the British from reaching Ticonderoga. Later, in 1778, he tried to help the British take West Point and the Hudson River but he was found out and declared a traitor.
Benedict Arnold
130
The document approved by the representatives of the American colonies.
States their grievances against the British monarch and declared their independence from Great Britain.
Declaration of Independence
131
Commanding general of the British forces that were defeated at Yorktown in 1781, ending the American Revolution.
General Lord Charles Cornwallis
132
Battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British.
Proved to be a turning point of the war.
This battle ultimately led France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to supplies and money already being sent.
Saratoga
133
A Quaker-raised American general who employed tactics of fighting and then drawing back to recover, then attacking again.
Defeated Cornwallis by thus "fighting Quaker".
Nathaniel Greene
134
In 1781 during the American Revolution, the British under Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of 3 weeks by American and French Troops.
Cornwallis and his 8,000 troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French navy and American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.
The last major battle of the Revolutionary War.
Yorktown / The Battle of Yorktown
135
Most important treaty in American history.
Signed September 1783 and ratified by Congress in January 1784. Ended the Revolutionary War and granted the United States its independence;
The United States was recognized as an independent nation by the major European powers, including Britain;
It granted the U.S. all the land east of the Mississippi River;
Set its southern boundary at 31* north latitude (the northern boundary of Florida). Allowed Britain to retain Canada and had to surrender Florida to Spain.
Opened the door to future legislative and economic disputes.
Treaty of Paris 1783
136
Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, this established the United States of America.
This granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states.
The result was a poorly defined national state that could not govern the country's finances or maintain stability.
Was replaced by the Constitution in 1789.
Articles of Confederation
137
Defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the Northwest Territory.
This forbade slavery in the territory but allowed citizens to vote on the legality of slavery once statehood had been established.
This was the most lasting measure of the national government under the Articles of Confederation.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
138
The Constitution set forth a government composed of 3 branches: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial.
Each branch was given certain powers over the others to ensure that no one branch gained a dangerous amount of power.
Checks and Balances
139
During the Revolutionary War, , he served as an ambassador to France.
He was the oldest delegate to the Constitutional Convention and his advice proved crucial in drafting the Constitution.
He has often been held up as the paradigm of Enlightenment throughout Colonial America due to his contribution to the fields of science and philosophy.
Benjamin Franklin
140
Proposed by Roger Sherman and Oliver EllsworthKnown as the "Connecticut Compromise"
An agreement between the small and large states reached in the Constitutional Convention if 1787.
Provided for a presidency, a Senate with all states represented equally (by two senators each), and a House of Representatives with representation according to population.
The Great Compromise of 1787
141
A compromise in which one slave was determined to equal three fifths (3/5) of a person when considering the population of a state.
Three Fifths Compromise
142
Those who supported the ratification of the Constitution
Federalists
143
Those who did not support the ratification of the Constitution;
They called for a more decentralized federal system.
Anti-federalists
144
The first 10 Amendments of the Constitution.
A series of limitations on the power of the United States Federal government;
Protected the natural rights of the people;
Not included in the original Constitution, but was later added.
The Bill of Rights
145
Declared that the judicial power of the United States would lie in one Supreme Court;
Set the number of justices at 6; 1 Chief Justice and 5 Associate Justices.
Judiciary Act of 1789
146
An agreement signed October 1795 between the United States and Spain that changed Florida's border at the 31st parallel, opened the Mississippi River to American traffic, and made it easier for American ships to use the Port of New Orleans.
Pinckey's Treaty
147
Consisted of 4 laws passed by Federalist Congress and signed by President John Adams in 1708:
The Naturalization Act - increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years;
The Alien Act - empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens;
The Alien Enemy Act - Allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at war with the United States;
The Sedition Act - made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials.
The Alien and Sedition Acts
148
Written anonymously by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts;
They declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolution
149
A public official of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
He served as chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1801-1835.
His interpretations of the Constitution in cases such as Marbury v. Madison served to strengthen the power of the Court and the power of the federal government generally.
John Marshall
150
Adopted and ratified in 1804, ensured that a tie vote between candidates of the same party could not again cause the confusion of the Jefferson-Burr affair.
The Twelfth Amendment
151
A treaty signed with France in 1803 by which the U.S. purchased for $15 million dollars.
The land extended from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico.
The Louisiana Purchase
152
Left St. Louis in 1804 and returned 2 years later with a wealth of scientific and anthropological information.
Lewis and Clark
153
4th President of the United States.
A member of the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention.
Strongly supported the ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers, which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution.
His presidency was marked by the War of 1812.
James Madison
154
Southerns and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain.
They had a strong sense of nationalism and they wanted to take over British land in North America and expand.
War Hawks
155
The war between the United States and Great Britain which lasted until 1814, ending with the Treaty of Ghent and a renewed sense of American nationalism.
War of 1812
156
Signed on December 24, 1814, it was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Treaty of Ghent
157
7th President of the United States;
Was the hero of the Battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812;
Nicknamed "Old Hickory";
Andrew Jackson
