Test 1

Question 1

What was the first major stronghold in North America during the period of colonialism?

Answer 1

The Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Although the Massachusetts Bay Colony was not the first successful settlement in the New World, it was the first major stronghold in North America.

Question 2

Which religious group came to America fleeing persecution, but fined, whipped, banished, and imprisoned anyone who did not conform to their beliefs?

Answer 2

The Puritans

• Although the Puritans sought religious freedom in the Americas, they were loath to give that freedom to others who held different beliefs. In order to ensure that Puritanism dominated the colonies, they fined, whipped, banished, and imprisoned anyone that did not conform to their beliefs.

Question 3

Were 3 characteristics of northern urban areas from 1820-1860:

Answer 3

1. They lacked adequate taxing power to provide services for all of its residents;
2. They developed an elaborate system of municipal services;
3. They created transportation lines;

(they did NOT create seaport cities - that was a southern characteristic)

Question 4

What proposal did President Woodrow Wilson make in 1918 that convinced the Germans they would be treated fairly if they surrendered?

Answer 4

The Fourteen Points

• The Fourteen Points were presented in a speech before both houses of Congress and were intended to generate support for Wilson’s vision of the postwar world, both at home and among allies in Europe. President Wilson hoped that the promise of a just peace would be embraced by the population in enemy nations and generate momentum for ending the war. Later, the Germans expressed a sense of betrayal when the harsher terms of the Treaty of Versailles were presented.

Question 5

in 1764, the British for the first time imposed a series of taxes designed specifically to raise revenue from the colonies. What was this series of taxes called?

Answer 5

The Sugar Act

• The series of taxes, named the American Revenue Act, became popularly known as the Sugar Act. One of its major components was a high duty on sugar. The act was combined with a greater attempt to enforce the existing tariffs.

Question 6

3 characteristics of the Sons of Liberty are:

Answer 6

1. They resorted to coercion to force stamp agents to resign their posts;
2. They were prominent citizens;
3. They had chapters throughout the colonies.
   - (One of the American reactions to the Stamp Act was the creation throughout the colonies of a secret organization known as the Sons of Liberty - They did NOT publicly proclaim their membership)

Question 7

4 characteristics of the Vietnam War:

Answer 7

1. More than 58,000 Americans were killed;
2. The war is considered the longest military conflict in U.S. History, lasting from 1959-1975;
3. More than 3 million Vietnamese were killed.
4. The U.S. Military had assistance from many allies during the Vietnam War, including troops from Australia, South Korea, and the Philippians.

Question 8

What is the “Digital Divide”?

Answer 8

The gap between communities and nations that have access to the Internet and other information and communication technologies and those who do not.

• Not all areas of the world have been able to join the Information Age at the same time or the same pace as the United States. The digital divide has created not only a gap between nations, but also within the United States.

Question 9

The Articles of Confederation was the first governing document, or constitution, of the United States. What was a major deficiency?

Answer 9

It lacked taxing authority for the central government.

• The Articles of Confederation created a weak federal government that lacked the authority to tax; it also established a one-state, one-vote policy, which the larger states resented.

Question 10

Characteristics of the Federalist Papers:

Answer 10

1. They consisted of 85 essays;
2. They serve as a primary source for interpretation of the Constitution;
3. The authors wanted to both influence the vote in favor of ratification and shape future interpretations of the Constitution.
   - The Federalist Papers contained 85 essays outlining how the new government would operate and why this type of government was the best choice for the United States of America. All of the essays were signed “Publius”, and though the actual authors of some are under dispute, the consensus is that Alexander Hamilton rote 52, James Madison wrote 28, and John Jay contributed the remaining 5. None of the authors signed the Declaration of Independence.

Question 11

Characteristics in regard to Manifest Destiny:

Answer 11

1. It was a doctrine used to rationalize the United States territorial expansion;
2. The phrase was coined by the U.S. journalist John L. O’Sullivan;
3. It was a doctrine initially used as the rationale for annexing Mexican and Indian land in Texas and the Southwest.
   - Manifest Destiny was a doctrine used to rationalize US territorial expansion in the 1840s and 1850s. It asserted that expansions of the US throughout the American continent was both justified and inevitable. The phrase was coined by US journalist John L. O’Sullivan, and was initially used in regard to Mexican and Indian land in Texas and the Southwest. The concept was invoked later in a dispute with Great Britain over Oregon and in relation to territory controlled by the US as a result of the Spanish-American War. By the age of Manifest Destiny, Spain was long gone from Florida.

Question 12

What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 do?

Answer 12

Set out a process by which new states formed by new territories could become part of the United States.

• Provided the means by which new states would be created out of the western lands and admitted into the Union.

Question 13

Characteristics of Reganomics:

Answer 13

1. Based on supply-side economics, tax cuts would create economic growth;
2. Argued that US economic woes were the result of government intrusion in the free market;
3. Sought to unshackle the free enterprise system by eliminating handouts, high taxes, and government itself.
   - President Reagan sought to cure the nation’s financial woes by turning away from demand economics , centered on consumers stimulating businesses to supply more product, and instead focus on supply-side economics. There were 4 pillars of his platform:
4. Reduce government spending;
5. Reduce income tax and capital gains tax;
6. Reduce government regulation;
7. Control the money supply to reduce inflation.

Reagan’s “trickle-down economics” referred to cutting taxes so that freed-up resources would eventually trickle down to those not directly benefitting from policy changes.

Question 14

Factors during the antebellum period:

Answer 14

1. Sectional differences created friction between the North and South;
2. Massive foreign immigration from Ireland and Germany greatly increased the size of cities in the North;
3. Congress struggled with the issue of whether to allow slavery in the western territories.
   - Between 1790-1860 - the years known as the antebellum period - commercial agriculture replaced substance agriculture in the North, and household production was replaced by factory production. Massive foreign immigration from Ireland and Germany greatly increased the size of the cities in the North. In the South, slavery impended the development if industry and cities discouraged technological innovation.

Question 15

Describes a mechanism in international relations to prevent any one side from gaining dominance.

Answer 15

Balance of Power

• Balance of Power is a doctrine to prevent any one nation from becoming so strong that it would end up having power over all of the other nations.

Question 16

An almost perfect crop for the lower South because it was easy to grow and well-suited to the region’s climate and soil.

Answer 16

Cotton

• The perfect crop for the lower south was cotton. It was easy to grow, and its demands were met by the regions climate and soil. Between the cotton South and the wheat North, there was a middle ground in which the main crop was corn.

Question 17

How many lives were lost during the American Civil War?

Answer 17

About 750,000

• The American Civil War (1861-1865) was one of the most violent times in the history of the United States. About 750,000 people gave their lives for their country this war, on and off the battlefield, according to a recent recalculation of the death toll based on newly digitized census data from the 19th century. This is more American lives lost in one war than in all wars and conflicts combined since this period.

Question 18

Who was president of the United States when the first states seceded from the Union?

Answer 18

James Buchanan

• The outgoing president, James Buchanan, a Northern Democrat who was either truckling to the Southern, pro-slavery wing of his party, or sincerely attempting to avert war, pursued a vacillating course.

Question 19

Who was the first president of the Confederacy?

Answer 19

Jefferson Davis

• The new Confederate government was led by President Jefferson Davis.

Question 20

Strengths of the Union during the Civil War:

Answer 20

1. The Union had vastly superior sea power;
2. Britain never formally recognized the Confederacy;
3. The Emancipation Proclamation won popular support for the Union in England and France.

Question 21

After the North defeated the South in the Civil War, politicians faced the task of putting the divided country back together. What legislative action made former slaves citizens?

Answer 21

The Fourteenth Amendment

• The Fourteenth Amendment (1868) conferred former slaves with national citizenship. The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 laid out the process for readmitting southern states into the Union, and the Fifteenth Amendment (1870) granted black men the right to vote. These were only the first steps, however, toward reconstructing the fragmented nation.

Question 22

The most common form of resistance on the part of black American slaves prior to the Civil War was:

Answer 22

Passive resistance, including breaking tools and deliberately slowing the pace of work.

• blacks most commonly resisted slavery passively, if at all. Underground railroad, though celebrated in popular history, involved a relatively minute number of slaves. Arson and violent uprising, though they did sometimes occur and were the subject of much fear on the part of white Southerners, we’re also relatively rare.

Question 23

As part of United States foray in two worlds politics and as part of its path toward becoming a world power, US Secretary of State John Hay issued a series of diplomatic notes between 1899 and 1900 that out loud what became known as the Open Door Policy. This dealt with US foreign-policy toward what country?

Answer 23

China.

• after the US gain possession of the Philippines and it became more interested in gaining access to the Chinese market. Hay’s notes promoted an Open Door Policy with China in which all nations could trade with it. After a group of Chinese militia that the foreign press termed the “Boxers” led an attack on Western embassies, Hay called on countries to respect the integrity of China, but did allow the US to join a multinational force to put down the rebellion. Hay’s concerns with China and other countries in the Caribbean and Central America resulted in increased US interests there in the first decade of the 20th century.

Question 24

The Supreme Court played a huge role in determining the legality and constitutionality of many of the laws that were passed during Reconstruction. Name three Supreme Court decisions related to Reconstruction:

Answer 24

1. The court decided that it was unconstitutional to set up martial law where civil courts were in operation;
2. In “Texas v. White,” 1869, the Court upheld President Abraham Lincoln’s position that the union was indivisible and indissoluble;
3. The Court decided that the loyalty oaths were wrong and invalidated them.
   - Though slavery was officially abolished with the ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865, southern whites continue their control over blacks in the post-Civil War era through the passage of Jim Crow laws, the terror acts of racist groups like the Ku Klux Klan, and the agricultural system of sharecropping, among other means.

Question 25

What did the Manhattan Project accomplish?

Answer 25

It’s developed the first nuclear weapon during World War II.

• The Manhattan project was the project to develop the first nuclear weapon (atomic bomb), during World War II, by the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. Formally designed as the Manhattan Engineering District (MED), it refers specifically to the period of the project from 1941 to 1946.

Question 26

Ellis island was the main reception facility for immigrants entering the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. How many immigrants were inspected there?

Answer 26

12 million immigrants were inspected at Ellis Island.

• 12 million immigrants were processed at Ellis island before it’s closure on November 12, 1954. Ellis Island, located at the mouth of the Hudson river in New York Harbor, was one of three processing stations operated by the federal government. It was the major processing station for third class/steerage immigrants entering the United States in 1892; it processed 70% of all immigrants at the time. Ellis Island is within the boundaries of Jersey City, New Jersey, but is legally part of New York under the 1834 treaty setting a boundary between the two states.

Question 27

The three immigrant streams that came to the US had what characteristics?

Answer 27

The First Immigrant Stream came from western and northern Europe where an Anglo-conformity model work for them.

• immigration to the US can largely be divided into three streams:
  1. The First Immigrant Stream came from western and northern Europe where an Anglo-Conformity model worked for them;

2. The Second Immigrant Stream from 1890-1924 featured people from Russia, Poland, Portugal, Spain, and Greece. Why other languages were further away from English, they fit into America’s “melting pot” and blended in.
3. The Third Immigrant Stream from 1946 to the present has seen immigrants from Latin America, China, Mexico, and led to the “browning of America.”

Question 28

This was a cause of both World War I and World War II:

Answer 28

Political instability in Eastern Europe.

• some of the reasons why World War I began can be linked to the Austria Hungarian annexation of Bosnia, Slavic nationalism, and the assassination of Archduke Frans Ferdinand. World War II began as a result of the German occupation of Austria and Czechoslovakia. The League of Nations did not start until after World War I. Secret alliances and secret agreements among nations, while they contributed to World War I, were not really a factor in World War II. The fall of the Ottoman Empire technically occurred after World War I. While the partitioning a bit of the old Ottoman Empire into colonial rule by the British and the French did cause strife and conflict, it was not a cause of World War II.

Question 29

Ashoka converted to Buddhism as a result of:

Answer 29

Remorse over the widespread deaths his military campaigns caused.

• Ashoka’s reign during the Mauryan Empire (c. 269-232 BCE) for the higher to its farthest limits. In 261, he conquered Kalinga (the modern state of Orissa) which resulted in a bloody campaign that left over 100,000 dead. Upset with the carnage, he rejected more, adopted nonviolence, and converted to Buddhism. He made it part of his duty to spread Buddhist teachings. He initiated a tremendous movement of building 84,000 Buddhist stupas throughout India.He also spread his message to foreign lands and sent out missionaries. One such destination was central Asia, we’re Buddhism spread and later made its way to China, Japan, and Korea. Across his empire, Ashoka tried to rule as a moral prince, promoting civic virtue, and the moral welfare of the realm

Question 30

Three conditions considered necessary to a democratic society are:

Answer 30

1. Free elections;
2. Freedom of speech;
3. Peaceful and orderly transfer of political power.
   - Capitalism, and economic and social system, is not a requirement for democracy. The development of a capitalist society may follow the establishment of a democratic state, but a society with many socialist elements can still be a democracy. Free elections, freedom of speech, and peaceful and orderly transfer of political power are required for a democracy.

Question 31

Trade along the Silk Road during the Han period affected China’s culture by:

Answer 31

Allowing China to conquer more land to the west and go into Central Asia in search of “blood-sweating” horses that the Haun interpreted as being blessed by heaven.

• Trade over the silk road during the Han period created a demand for its most prized product –silk- from areas far to the west. For centuries, the Chinese had known and carefully guarded the secret to making silk, instituting decrees that made it punishable by death for anyone to reveal the secrets. Western desire for this magic fabric led to the establishment of overland routes between China and Central Asia. The silk Road was actually a network of routes that linked China to India, the Middle East, and the Roman empire. Many of the goods traded along the route were luxury items, which are often small and valuable, and thus highly profitable. Traders also carried ideas along their routes, like Buddhism. Hinduism was not a religion that spread outside India. One reason Chinese trade with Central Asia increased was that China wanted its swift horses, and horses that were believed to be blessed by heaven because they sweated blood, now known to be caused by a parasite. The social structure in Chinese society placed merchants just above slaves, partly because they were perceived as profiting from other peoples work, not their own.

Question 32

The purpose of the harem in many Islamic courts was to serve as what?

Answer 32

A place of seclusion for all women of the imperial court.

• The Islamic concept of the harem was as a place of seclusion for all women of the imperial court. Women did receive a salary and some used their money to support philanthropies, and even, at times, to help fund the government when it was short of money. Typically those who were exiled from the court were permanently exiled by execution. Janissaries were Christian boys from the Balkan peninsula trained to be soldiers by the Ottoman Empire.

Question 33

What were the initial goals of ASEAN, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, which was established in 1967?

Answer 33

To accelerate economic development and promote political stability in the region.

• ASEAN, initially conceived as a bulwark against communism, was established in 1967 by the foreign ministers of Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Its original focus was to accelerate economic development and promote stability in the region. They later focused on economics by signing cooperative agreements with Japan in 1977 and the European Community in 1980, and in 1992 setting up a free-trade zone and cutting tariffs.

Question 34

Amnesty international is the example of:

Answer 34

NGO (Nongovernmental Organization).

Question 35

Results of the industrial revolution:

Answer 35

1. Important developments in transportation, including the steam locomotive, steamship, automobile, airplane.
2. Important development and communications, including the telegraph and radio.
3. Agricultural improvements that made possible the provisions of food for a larger nonagricultural population.
   - Science was increasingly used it industry during the Industrial Revolution.

Question 36

Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933. What was one of his first official ask?

Answer 36

He began secretly building up Germany’s army and weapons.

• following his ascension to Chancellor in January 1933, Adolf Hitler almost immediately began secretly building of Germany’s army and weapons stockpile. In 1934, he increased the size of the army, commissioned of the construction of warships, and created a German Air Force. Compulsory military service was also introduced.

Question 37

The policy promoted by Theodore Roosevelt and most explicitly pursued in Central America was the __

Answer 37

“Big Stick” policy

• Big Stick Diplomacy, as the United States press corps termed it, is based on Theodore Roosevelt’s invocation of an African proverb, “speak softly, and carry a big stick, you will go far,” to describe his belief that the United States had a moral imperative to all other interests out of the Western Hemisphere. Many political cartoons of the day depicted Roosevelt carrying a big stick and keeping the monopolists and European countries in line.

Question 38

Fighting in the Cold War took the shape of__.

Answer 38

Military coalitions, espionage, and the space race.

• The Cold War was the period of conflict, tension, and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies from the mid-1940s until the early 1990s. Throughout the period, the rivalry between the two superpowers was played out in multiple arenas: military coalitions; ideology, psychology, and espionage; military, industrial, and technological developments, including the space race; costly defense spending; a massive conventional and nuclear arms race; and many proxy wars. Mercantilism was a seventeenth-century economic theory.

Question 39

When did the Reign of Terror end?

Answer 39

When members of the Convention, afraid that Robespierre would turn on them, had him arrested.

• Concerned that foreign threats and internal chaos would end the Revolution, French revolutionaries created the Committee on Public Safety, which became an enforcer of the revolution and killed or arrested anyone who was suspected of being of being against the revolution. Led by Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins, the Committee on Public Safety unleashed what is not referred to as the “Reign of Terror” as it sought to eliminate all enemies of the French Revolution - both real and imagines - and wound up executing about 40,000 people and arresting about 300,000. It ended when Robspierre became a victim of the Reign of Terror when he and his supporters were arrested on July 27, 1794, and beheaded soon after.

Question 40

The devastating effects of colonialism on the native population of Africa and the Americas:

Answer 40

1. Settlement brought European diseases to the populations of other countries;
2. Procurement of African slaves became an industry unto itself;
3. Native American populations were eventually decimated.

Question 41

c. This facilitated the growth of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century Britain:

Answer 41

The raw materials, such as iron, coal, and water, which were plentiful in supply and easy to access.

• The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and helped to make the country enormously powerful in the 19th century. Britain had the essential elements that a nation needed to to achieve economic success - the factors of production (land, labor, and capital). Many political and economic factors enabled the Industrial Revolution to begin and flourish in Britain. The colonies held by Britain provided both raw materials and markets for British goods. Its powerful navy defended its shipping, political stability at home encouraged commerce, and the enclosure movement allowed for efficient farming methods, but also pushed poor farmers out of farming and into cities looking for jobs. Also, private investment in businesses funded experiments for creating better products.

Question 42

Lenin’s contributions to Marxism:

Answer 42

1. His analysis of imperialism;
2. His concept of a revolutionary party as a disciplined unit;
3. His critique of monarchy.
   - Race does not hold the same context in early 20th century Russia and modern Russia as discussed in the context of the United States. Race is referred to as ethnicity that divides Russia’s social structure. However, during Lenin’s lifetime, Russia was an ethnically homogeneous country. In Lenin’s writings one can find a critique of monarchy and imperialism. His concept of “vanguard” or disciplined revolutionary party is, perhaps, his biggest contribution to Marxist thought.

Question 43

Why did Hitler gain support?

Answer 43

He promised to end Germany’s misfortunes by creating a German Reich, or empire, that would endure for thousands of years.

• Punishments Assessed on Germany with the Treaty of Versailles took all of Germany’s colonial possessions and gave them to Great Britain, France, and Japan. While Hitler had some supporters in the army and big business, he was viewed with some skepticism nu the Hindenburg government. While anti-Semitism certainty was a key element of National Socialist rule, the official goal of the Nazi regime was Jewish emigration. The orchestration of the systematic murder of Jews did not begin until the late 1930s.

Question 44

Whose writings have inspired radical Islamic movements to turn to violence in order to achieve their aims?

Answer 44

Sayyid Qutb

• Syyid Qutb’s theoretical writings became the basis for many radical Islamic movements, including al-Qaeda, who believed that many of the governments in Muslim countries were corrupted by the West and should be overthrown. Qutb believed that the West was, at its heart, a corrupted culture. His dislike of the West intensified after he spent some time in 1949 studying at Colorado State Teacher’s College. He believed that the United States had a culture of greed and despaired over how poorly people of color had been treated throughout U.S. history, and in particular how he was treated as an Arab. He was repulsed with what he saw as the rampant sexuality of American culture and concluded that American culture had little to save it, as women, in his view, were promiscuous vixens, and and American men seemed obsessed with sports and allowed their women too much freedom. His writings warned Egypt that its fascination with “modernity” was misguided and that Islam offered liberation from the evils of Western society. He advocated jihad and asserted that violent resistance should be waged against regimes that claimed to be Muslim but did not act in accordance with Islamic precepts. He was later accused of plotting against the Egyptian government and was hanged in 1966.

Question 45

Slobodan Milosevic’s plan that increases feelings of separatism and launched civil war in Yugoslavia was known as ___

Answer 45

Greater Serbia

• Slobodan Milosevic embraced Serbian nationalism with the dream of an ethnically pure Greater Serbia that launched almost a decade of war in the Balkans during the 1990s. During this period, Milosevic purged the Yugoslavian Army of non-Serbs and fomented unrest outside of Serbia in areas that had large numbers of Serbian minorities. in 1991, after Croatia, Serbia, and Macedonia declared their independence, Milosevic encouraged Croatian Serbs to take over large portions of Croatia. In 1992, Bosnian Serbs, supported by Milosevic’s military and paramilitary forces, rebelled, beginning a brutal struggle to “purify” Bosnia of its Muslim inhabitants. During the conflict, hundreds of thousands of Bosnians were killed, raped, or sent to concentration camps under Milosevic’s planned genocide. In 1998, when ethnic Albanians revolted in Kosovo, Milosevic sent in his military. NATO, fearing another ethnic cleansing, launched two months of air strikes until Milosevic finally agreed to withdraw. In 2001, Milosevic was arrested and handed over to the UN, which who took him to The Hague to stand trial for crimes against humanity. He dies in February 2004 while his trial was still in progress.

Question 46

What has historically been the most important factor enabling societies to keep abreast of the latest technology?

Answer 46

Participation in global trade and communications networks.

• Technological innovations occur because of both need and opportunity. Central to this idea is the development of a global trade and communications network so that countries can have access to new technologies and ideas from other parts of the world. For instance, the relative ease of communication that the Abbasid Empire had between the Mediterranean Sea ant the Indus Valley enabled it to have access to resources and technology transfers between those areas of the world. China benefited from having the Silk Road, which facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and new technologies. A country that was more isolated had to rely only on its own ideas for technology improvements and, in turn, faced an enormous disadvantage in keeping up with new developments.

Question 47

The Greeks considered the Trojan War as the first moment in history when ___

Answer 47

They came together as one people with a common purpose.

• Technically, the war wasn’t fought by the Greeks in the classical sense. It was fought by the Mycenaeans. Nevertheless, the Greeks saw the Trojan War as the first moment in history when they came together as one people with a common purpose.

Question 48

Rome was at first ruled by kings. Then, in about 500 BCE, the Roman Republic was established, with two annually elected consuls at its head, guided by a senate. What form of government followed next?

Answer 48

Rome was ruled by a succession of emperors.

• About 500 BCE, the Roman Republic was established, with two annually elected consuls at its head, guided by a senate. The republic eventually weakened, and Rome passed to rule by one man - first Julius Caesar, who was assassinated in 44BCE, then Augustus, who assumed the title of emperor. Over the next few centuries, a succession of emperors followed.

Question 49

The schism that split the Muslim community initially resulted because of ___

Answer 49

who would be best to lead the Muslim community after the death of the Prophet.

• The Prophet Muhammad did not select anyone to be his successor. As a result, after his death, there were disagreements between those who wanted a member of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of the Prophet, to rule and those who wanted the ruler to be elected by their peers. A group that supported Muhammad’s son-in-law and nephew, Ali, to be the saliph (successor), was known as the Party of Ali, or the Shi’s Ali, known as the Shi’ites. This group claimed that God (Allah) had given Ali and his descendants divine knowledge. The Sunnis, “followers of the way of the Prophet,” while holding Ali in high esteem, do not believe that he and his hereditary line are the chosen successors, and that the leaders of the Muslim community should be chosen by tradition and from a broad base of the people.

Question 50

Mussolini’s Italy, Stalin’s Soviet Union, and Hitler’s Germany are all examples of what type of government?

Answer 50

Totalitarian

• There are political, social, and economic characteristics of totalitarian governments. Politically the state is considered more important than the individuals, a single political party controls the government, and a powerful dictator united the people and symbolizes the government. Socially the government controls all aspects of daily life, denying citizens basic rights and liberties and using secret police to enforce government policies through terror and violence. Economically, the government controls business and directs the national economy and used labor and business to fulfill the objectives of the state. Mussolini, Stalin, and Hitler all had totalitarian governments.

Question 51

The ideology of nationalism in the 19th century was based on the realization that ___

Answer 51

The members of the national community were bound together by a common history, language, and culture.

• Typically the ideology of nationalism implies that there will be boundaries that create the political state. While religion does sometimes play a role in nationalist movements, it does not have to. Nationalism attempts to bind together diverse groups of people sharing a common history, language, and culture.

Question 52

What first prompted the emergence of America as a world power?

Answer 52

The Spanish-American War and the acquisition of the Philippines.

• At the turn of the 20th century, the United States began to emerge as a world power with expansionist goals. The Spanish-American War and the acquisition of the Philippines launched the beginning of its move away from its earlier isolationist policies.

Question 53

After the Battle of Buxar, the limited liability company changed from being a private company to being a regional power with responsibilities of tax collecting, administering justice, and providing security.

Answer 53

The British East India Company

• After the Battle of Buxar, the British East India Company became the divan of Bengal and assumed responsibility for tax collecting, administering justice, and providing security. The British government became increasingly concerned that its limited liability company was now acting as a government.

Question 54

Similarities that women in the age of the Renaissance and Enlightenment shared across England, Spain, and Mughal India are:

Answer 54

1. They inherited less than sons or brothers;
2. They had few rights in the legal sphere;
3. They were legally considered property of their husbands.
   - Muslim women did NOT have the right to divorce.

Question 55

What was the focus of Mayan cities?

Answer 55

Ceremonial Centers

• The cities the Mayans built were ceremonial centers. A priestly class lived in the cities, but for the most part the Maya population lived in small farming villages. The priestly class would carry out daily religious duties, particularly sacrifices, and the peasants would periodically gather for religious ceremonies or festivals.

Question 56

4 characteristics of the Silk Road:

Answer 56

1. TheSilk Road was not a trade route that existed solely for the purpose of trading in silk; many other commodities were also traded;
2. The movement of people along the Silk Road correlates with the movement of religion and development of languages;
3. Gold and ivory and even exotic animals were traded on the Silk Road.
4. The Silk Road did not follow a single route. Crossing Central Asia, it branched off in several directions, passing through different oasis settlements.

Question 57

This happened in African society from the forced migration of African males:

Answer 57

An increase in polygamy and multiple marriages.

• The Atlantic slave trade preferred men who could work under difficult labor conditions. Women who were left behind had a difficult time, as there were a disproportionate number of women. As a result, the numbers reinforced ideas of polygamy and multiple marriages. African societies were, quite often, already matrilineal societies.

Question 58

This war demonstrated to OPEC that it not only shared economic, but also political, cooperation:

Answer 58

The Arab-Israeli War of 1973

• As a result of the Arab-Israeli War of 1973, the cartel ordered an embargo on oil shipments to Israel’s ally, the United States. As a result, the US suffered an oil crisis and the cost od petroleum triggered a global economic downturn. OPEC demonstrated that it could control the developed world by changing the price of oil at will.

Question 59

3 occurrences of the Renaissance:

Answer 59

1. The revival of learning based on classical sources;
2. The development of perspective in painting;
3. Advancements in science.
   - The Renaissance saw the rise of courtly and papal patronage, and encompassed the revival of learning based on sources, the development of perspective in painting, and advancements in science.

Question 60

This demographic change occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution.

Answer 60

New public health measures led to a healthier population with a longer life span.

• As more women became involved in the workplace and as public discussions for reform turned to birth control, fertility began to decline. Similarly, advances in health care and living conditions resulted in decreased mortality which ultimately led to long-term demographic stability.

Question 61

The city of Sparta was characterized by ___

Answer 61

An emphasis on warfare.

• An emphasis on warfare stands out as the predominate trait f the Spartan city-state.

Question 62

The Battle of Salamis was significant because:

Answer 62

It stranded the Persian army in Greece without naval support.

• The conflict between the Persians and the Greeks resulted in two separate invasions. During the second invasion, about 10 years after the first, the Persian ruler, Xerxes, sent hundreds of thousands of soldiers and sailors to Greece to avenge his father’s unexpected defeat at the Battle of Marathon. Athens and Sparta, two rival city-states, merged together to try and fend off the Persians. After trying to slow the Persians down through a heroic stand off of only 300 Spartans against the Persians at Thermopylae, the Greeks tried to avenge their defeat and prevent the Persians from getting their supplies after they had ransacked Athens. The Greeks lured Persian ships into the narrow Strait of Salamis near Athens. In what came to be known as the Battle of Salamis, the Persians could not maneuver their huge ships in the strait. Greek warships took advantage of this and sank about 300 Persian vessels, demoralizing what was left of the Persian navy.

Question 63

How did the nature of colonialism change in the 17th century?

Answer 63

European nations became dependent on the trade and resources of their New World colonies.

• Trade was the key motivator for European colonialism. European ships traveled around the world in search of new trading routes and partners to feed burgeoning capitalism in Europe.

Question 64

Effects of the Columbian Exchange:

Answer 64

1. Diseases like smallpox killed millions of Native Americans;
2. The introduction of beasts of burden, like horses, provided Americans with a new source of labor and transportation;
3. Nutritional benefits to the population helped people live longer
   - There were both positive and negative effects of the Columbian Exchange. Europeans brought lands, food, and animals to the Americas. In return, the Europeans brought back corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and other food that both changed the European cuisine and better enabled European nutritional needs to be met. These and other foods traveled to Asia and Africa, no doubt contributing to a great worldwide population growth. On the negative side, Europeans brought diseases, such as smallpox, to the Americas that killed millions of Native Americans. In return, Europeans brought syphilis back to their lands. Antibiotics were not introduced until much later.

Question 65

This contemporary conflict is an example of irredentism:

Answer 65

Kashmir

• Irredentism (Italian for “unredeemed”) is an attempt by existing states to annex territories of another state. The Kurd, Basque, and Roma conflicts are from stateless entities and are NOT an example of irredentism.

Question 66

These documents embody the ideals of individual freedoms so commonly associated with the United States:

Answer 66

The Declaration of Independence and The Constitution.

• Both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution outline the freedom on which the United States was founded. While Hong Kong’s “de facto” constitution, known as the Basic Law, enshrines freedom of speech, assembly, and religion, the hitch is that Hong King answers to Beijing, which has chipped away at those freedoms.

Question 67

These topics fall within the scope of political science:

Answer 67

1. Structure of government;
2. Political institutions;
3. Politics
   - Political science studies and analyzes the structure of government and other political institutions, and politics in general.

Question 68

What are civil liberties?

Answer 68

Fundamental individual rights given to all citizens by law.

• The critical word is “civil”, which refers to the law. Human rights include civil liberties, but the term implies other rights not yet recognized by law. Natural rights derive from natural law, not civil law.

Question 69

This would occur first in the Congressional law-making process:

Answer 69

A mark-up session.

• Getting a bill through Congress is a complicated process. Before a bill can be called for a vote, several things must happen. A mark-up session would occur first in the Congressional law-making process, usually at the subcommittee level. A final committee decision on a bill would occur next. Both logrolling and pork would occur during full floor debate, or the second reading of the bill. A conference committee session would occur after a final vote had been taken in each house and the bill had passed each, but in different versions.

Question 70

Why did the framers of the U.S. Constitution design the system of checks and balances?

Answer 70

To maintain parity of power between the branches of government.

• The 3 branches of government created a system of checks and balances that would prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful, thus protecting the people from an oppressive government.

Question 71

If the House of Representatives and the Senate pass a similar, but not identical, version of a bill, what results?

Answer 71

A conference committee is called between the houses to fashion a single compromise bill.

• Typically, the House and Senate will pass different versions of a bill on similar subject matter. When this happens, a Conference (orJoint) Committee is formed. This involved key members from affected committees and constituencies from both the House and the Senate to work out a single compromise version of the bill. After the compromise version is completed, it goes back to both the House and Senate for a vote.

Question 72

Article 1 of the US Constitution creates:

Answer 72

A bicameral legislature.

• Our federal system of government includes a bicameral legislature - the Senate and the House of Representatives - established in Article 1 of the Constitution.

Question 73

True statements of the legislative branch:

Answer 73

1. Senate members were originally chosen by the state legislatures;
2. The House was granted some exclusive powers such as the power to initiate revenue bills and impeach officials;
3. The Constitution provides that the approval of both Houses is necessary for the passage of legislation.
   - it is NOT TRUE that both the House and Senate must confirm the Supreme Court nominees.

Question 74

Within the US Supreme Court, the “ruler of four” describes the number of justices needed to:

Answer 74

Accept a case for judicial review.

• In the United States Supreme Court, 4 of the 9 justices must agree to accept a case, or issue a Writ of Certiorari. The only time that case precedent is overturned is via court rulings, which would generally call for a vote of 5 justices. The court itself does not confirm or deny chief justice appointees; rather the US Senate does. Oral arguments are set at 30 minutes per side in any given case by informal amendment. Only Congress could change the numerical size of the Court from its current 9, which is unlikely to happen.

Question 75

This state most accurately describes the legal status in the United States of marriage licenses, birth certificates, a final will and testament, and the other “basic” legal documents:

Answer 75

These documents are legally respected through the US, according to Article IV of the Constitution.

Question 76

These issues caused conflict among the framers of the US Constitution:

Answer 76

1. Slavery;
2. Power of the President;
3. Large v. Small States
   - While the framers of the Constitution grappled with the issues of slavery, presidential power, and the role of large v. small states, among others, they all agreed that the new nation needed a system of checks and balances to check the innate selfishness of human nature.

Question 77

For what length of term are federal judges appointed?

Answer 77

Life

• Federal judges are appointed for life by the president.

Question 78

Thomas Hobbes viewed the social contract primarily as a means of:

Answer 78

Maintaining order to escape the violent chaos of nature.

• Hobbes believed that if society were left to its natural state, people would act violently because they would be inclined to try to prevent their own deaths and try to gain the power that they inherently crave. Hobbes argues in “The Leviathan” that people had drawn up a social contract among themselves to give up power to someone who could protect them. So, he believed society was all too willing to give up liberty in return for security and community. For Hobbes, the social contract justified the need for an absolute ruler who would take care of the people.

Question 79

___ is true of the First Amendment’s right of assembly.

Answer 79

Time and restrictions may regulate such assembly.

• Even though the First Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees the right to freedom of speech, there are limitations. Issues such as potential traffic problems, state of national emergency, permission to be on private property, etc., may indeed limit expression that would otherwise be protected by the First Amendment.

Question 80

How does the US Constitution provide for political parties?

Answer 80

Political parties are not mentioned in the Constitution.

• The Constitution does not mention political parties. in fact, “factions” with “jealousies and false alarms” were feared to cause damage to the country. Political parties were thought of as searching for profit not providing for the common good.

Question 81

These are primarily the responsibilities of the states:

Answer 81

1. Ensuring public safety;
2. Administering and certifying elections;
3. Recording birth and death certificates.

Question 82

How are local governments chartered?

Answer 82

A local government is chartered according to its state’s constitution.

• A local government is chartered according to its state’s constitution. Just as the policies enacted by the state government must not conflict with federal law, a local government is subject to the legal environment created by the state’s constitution and statutes.

Question 83

3 criteria to become President of the United States:

Answer 83

1. Over 35 years old;
2. Natural-born US citizen;
3. US resident for at least 14 years.
   - Military service is not a requirement, although many residents and presidential candidates have served in the US military.

Question 84

This best defines “realism” in the context of international relations:

Answer 84

Nation-states are the basic governmental unit and there is no authority above individual nations.

• Realism has been one of the dominate forces guiding international relations theory and influencing foreign policy, especially since the end of WWII. Realism is an international theory that holds that nation-states are the basic governmental unit and there is no authority above individual nations.

Question 85

Government by the many is called ___

Answer 85

Democracy.

• Government by the many is what we have in the US: a constitutional democracy.

Question 86

This term is closely related to “autocracy”:

Answer 86

Despotism.

• Another related term for “autocracy”, more commonly used in the past, is “despotism”, or rule by a despot.

Question 87

In global politics today, many governmental organizations have an important role. One example of an intergovernmental organization is:

Answer 87

The United Nations.

• US President Franklin D. Roosevelt coined the term “United Nations” in 1942 as he described the 26 nations that pledged their resources to fight the Axis Powers. The United Nations, as an organization, came into existence in October 1945 and is a multi-purpose intergovernmental organization tackling international issues and problems. The UN promotes in a variety of social, cultural, economical, health, and humanitarian activities.

Question 88

Which article of the US Bill of Rights states in part that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion”?

Answer 88

The First Amendment.

• Most people remember Article 1 of the Bill of Rights as the “free speech” article. It states: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right go the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

Question 89

The War of Powers Resolution of 1973 may be invoked by Congress to accomplish what?

Answer 89

Limit the period for which the president may deploy troops abroad in hostile situations.

• The War of Power Resolutions stipulated that the president can deploy troops abroad in situations where hostilities are imminent for only 60 days, unless Congress approves a longer deployment, declares war, or cannot meet because the nation is under attack.
  The War of Powers does NOT authorize congress to prevent the initial deployment of troops abroad by the president.
  The Constitution gives Congress the power to declare war. The usual procedure begins with a request from the president for a declaration of war, which is then adopted by the Congress by joint resolution and signed by the president. The War of Powers did nothing to change this procedure.
  The War of Powers has nothing to do with extradition of foreign ambassadors.

Question 90

The modern democratic state in which the people do NOT take a direct role in legislative or governing, but elect representatives to express their views and wants, is called:

Answer 90

A Republic.

• The United States is a republic. The modern democratic state is usually a republic, in which the people do not take a direct role in legislating or governing, but left representatives to express their views and wants. A democratic government exists when these representatives are freely chosen by the people, whose demands are then recognized by the duty elected government.

Question 91

Characteristics of mental maps:

Answer 91

1. Unnecessary details are left out;
2. Includes an awareness that the destinations or objects exist;
3. May include reference points.
   - Mental maps are used whenever individuals think about a place or how to get to a place. They are highly personal and idiosyncratic and usually contain both objective knowledge ad subjective projections.

Question 92

These are examples of human influence on the ecosystem:

Answer 92

1. Cutting off forests has resulted in erosion and flooding.
2. Untreated sewage and runoffs lead to water pollution.
3. Nuclear plant waste leading to thermal pollution.
4. Farming has exposed soil to the weather, promoting erosion and the loss of topsoil.
   - Human influence on the ecosystem has been tremendous. Humans have significantly altered the process like soil generation, the water cycle, waste removal, energy, and nutrient recycling.

Question 93

This is a nonrenewable resource:

Answer 93

Coal.

• Non-renewable resources are those which are found in fixed amounts and usually are found in the ground. They are not living things, they don’t re-grow, and are not renewed quickly, if at all. Non-renewable resources take longer than a person’s lifetime to be replaced. Examples of non-renewable resources are fossil fuels, like natural gas, coal, oil, and minerals.

Question 94

These are chief accomplishments of genetically modified crops, like soybeans, corn, transgenic cotton, and canola:

Answer 94

1. Herbicide Resistance;
2. Insect Resistance;
3. Increases in productivity.
   - Proponents of genetically modified foods herald the arrival of these improvements because the herbicide - and insect-resistant crops have helped productivity and driven down the cost of producing food. Opponents to genetically modified crops suggest that these developments do more to especially help the big corporate farmers than consumers and are wary of the long-term effects these genetically modified foods may have on society.

Question 95

When one area of urban land generates more rent than others, what is the likely patterns that results in terms of land use?

Answer 95

Buyers who can pay the highest rent will be able to buy the land that generates the highest return.

• There tend to be some spatial patterns that result from economic activities. We can look at urban land use to make some generalizations. When a type of land use generates more rent than others, and when lan uses compete for a location, the land use that creates the highest return usually will be the one that determines who can occupy the land, as a seller sells land to the people who can produce the highest bid.

Question 96

What sort of migration factor is best defined as conditions in a place that is perceived to be detrimental to a migrants well-being or security?

Answer 96

Push Factors.

• Push and pull factors often explain reasons why people migrate. A “push factor” is when migrants feel they are being pushed out of an area because they perceive it to be a place that is detrimental for them to remain. A “pull factor” is a factor that attracts migrants to come to a new area.

Question 97

Which map projection is direction true everywhere on the map?

Answer 97

Mercator

• Of the several different types of map projections, the Mercator projection, while drastically distorting the dimensions of higher-latitude landmasses, accurately displays direction everywhere on the map, making it particularly useful to navigators on sea vessels.

Question 98

Communication between German business and Japanese business over the Internet to purchase goods is an example of:

Answer 98

Space-time compression.

• As the world has become more global, geographers uses sever terms to explain the global processes that are taking place in the modern world. Space-time compression refers to the increasing sense of accessibility and connectivity in the global world.

Question 99

Characteristics of the definition of the term “globalization”:

Answer 99

1. The elements of the highly integrated global economy;
2. The ancient tradition of buying and selling across great distances;
3. How regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of political ideas through communication, transportation, and trade.
   - The Internet is not part of the definition of globalization, but rather a product of globalization. “Globalization” refers to the increasing interconnection of more and more people and places across the world through social, cultural, political, economic, and environmental processes that have become more international in scale and effect. It is not a new process, as we have had long-distance trade and exchange for thousands of years.

Question 100

If a country wants to prevent its exchange rate from rising, the government could:

Answer 100

Sell its own currency,

• If a country sells its own currency, this would increase supply and keep the price down.

Question 101

Economics focuses on these 3 basic questions:

Answer 101

1. What to produce?;
2. For whom to produce?;
3. How to produce?

Question 102

If i decide to relax over the summer and play golf instead of teaching at Juvenile Jail, which is open year-round, economics calls the money I do not earn:

Answer 102

The opportunity cost.

Question 103

The essence of a market economy is:

Answer 103

Freedom.

Question 104

A market economy relies on ____ to allocate resources.

Answer 104

Market Forces.

• In a market economy, in which everyone is free to make choices about what they purchase, market forces dictate the allocation of resources.

Question 105

An example of a country with a planned economy is:

Answer 105

China.

• The economics of Germany, France, and Australia are much like that of the United States. In contrast, China has planned much of its economy, and the leaders of the communist party in China direct economy policy.

Question 106

Resources that are readily abundant are considered:

Answer 106

Free Goods.

• Free goods are the goods that are no scarce. Since people are able to use the free goods, the goods are not worthless. Free goods are not priceless, however, due to their abundance. Scarcity drives up prices.

Question 107

3 examples of a scarce resource:

Answer 107

1. Oil;
2. Coal;
3. Clean Water.
   - Scarcity is based on the idea that a limited supply of goods or services comes up against an ever-increasing demand for that supply and that, as a result, every effort must be made to ensure its proper utilization and distribution so as to avoid inefficiency. Most goods and services can be defined as scarce since individuals desire more of them than they already possess (scarcity is maintained by demand).

Question 108

Scarcity is maintained by:

Answer 108

Demand.

• Scarcity is a by-product of demand - the more demand, the less there is of a resource.

Question 109

What are considered the factors of production in economics?

Answer 109

Land, Labor, Capital, and Entrepreneurship.

Question 110

Quotas, license fees, ad subsides are part of:

Answer 110

A planned economy.

• Government intervention such as establishing quotas, collecting license fees, ad providing subsidies is a sign of a planned economy. Taxes, however, are not normally considered a part of government intervention.

Question 111

Macroeconomics studies the elements of economics on the

Answer 111

National Level.

• Macroeconomics studies the elements of economics on the national level. Macroeconomics is possibly the largest field in economics and includes output, consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports.

Question 112

Microeconomics studies the elements of economics on the:

Answer 112

Business Level.

• Microeconomics is the study of the economic behavior of small economic groups such as firms and families.

Question 113

This type of business has the highest barrier to entry:

Answer 113

An automobile factory.

• The automotive industry has the highest barrie to entry. School age children can start a lemonade stand so that business has the lowest barrier to entry. Starting a sporting goods shop or a farm may, in some areas, have a relatively high barrier to entry, but it is possible for someone to start either business without too much difficulty.

Question 114

What is the best way to describe the GNP?

Answer 114

Total goods and services.

• GNP is the gross national product and is defined as the total goods and services produced by the nation in a given year.

Question 115

Perfect competition for the most part is:

Answer 115

A theoretical extreme.

• Perfect competition exists in theory. A planned economy’s primary component is the control involved in the planning, not competition. An oligopoly is a market form in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of sellers.

Question 116

In a monopoly:

Answer 116

The firm is equal to an industry.

• In a monopoly, one firm controls an entire industry, so the firm is the industry. Consumers are at the mercy of the monopoly and there is n competition because there are not multiple sellers.

Question 117

This is an example of “monopolistic competition”:

Answer 117

The film industry.

• In a market structure in which several or many sellers each produce similar, but slightly differentiated products, monopolistic competition is a very common market form. Each producer can set its priced quantity without affecting the marketplace as a whole.

Question 118

Reganomics is most closely associated with:

Answer 118

The “trickle-down” theory.

Question 119

An analysis of immigration’s effect on the Austin, Texas, school system’s clean water supply and social service programs demonstrates:

Answer 119

The interrelationships between social science disciplines.

• Immigration is one of those social issues that can be analyzed using geography, anthropology, or a combination of social studies disciplines.

Question 120

The research method which involves a social scientist living among and interacting with the people being studied is known as:

Answer 120

Participant observation.

• Participant observation involves a researcher interacting with and observing the personal lives of the research subjects. Strategic engagement is not a method used in social research. Experimentation involves a researcher manipulating an experimental stimulus, usually in a laboratory setting. Content analysis involves the study of communication products such as books, letters, advertising, or television programs.

Question 121

What is the definition of “sociology”?

Answer 121

The study of how individuals became members of and move between groups, and how being in different groups affects individuals and the groups in which they participate.

Question 122

Random assignment of participants to experimental and control groups ensures that:

Answer 122

Before the experimental manipulation, the two groups of participants are equivalent with respect to the defendant variable.

• Psychological studies require that one party be completely random so that the study can evaluate the variables that are being studied. Random assignment is an experimental method, which means that each participant has an equal chance of being placed into either the experimental or control group. It is required in order to determine if there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables, and helps to eliminate confounding variables.

Question 123

Ethnography is:

Answer 123

The systematic description of a human society.

• Ethnography is the systematic description of a human society, usually based on first-hand fieldwork. All generalizations about human behavior are based on the descriptive evidence of ethnography.

Question 124

Ivan P. Pavlov is famous for his research on:

Answer 124

Classical conditioning.

• One of the early pioneers in psychology, Ivan P. Pavlov discovered the phenomenon of classical conditioning and was the first to investigate it systematically.

Question 125

Which scholar is best associated with the field of human development?

Answer 125

Jean Piaget.

• Jean Piaget’s stage theory of development continues to influence teaching methodology.

Question 126

A researcher wants to know whether being flattered causes feelings of attraction to increase. As part of her study, some participants are told they have beautiful smiles, whereas others are told nothing at all about their appearance. Being flattered or not would be:

Answer 126

The independent variable.

• Psychological experiments test cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating the presumed cause (the independent variable) and measuring the effects in terms of differences in behavior (the dependent variable) access the experimental and control groups.

Question 127

The term “socialization” is used by sociologists, social psychologists, and educators to refer to:

Answer 127

The process of learning one’s culture and how to live within it.

Question 128

Cultural anthropologists systematically compare similar cultures. What is this process called?

Answer 128

Ethnology.

• Ethnology is a branch of anthropology that analyzes and studies the similarities and differences among cultures.

Question 129

This is most closely associated with social psychologists:

Answer 129

Quantitative Research.

• Social psychologists are devoted quantitive, or empirical, research, which provides numerical data that can be analyzed and compared.

On the other hand, qualitative research provides verbal (word-based) rather than numerical data. Social psychology is NOT associated with talk or groups therapy. Its focus is research.

Question 130

Intelligence tests are not considered reliable:

Answer 130

Before 7 years of age.

• In general, humans do not have the life experience, cognitive, verbal, and motor skills required to complete an IQ test before the age of 7. Few people question the reliability of IQ tests. The validity of these tests has, however, been questioned.

Question 131

In psychology, perception is:

Answer 131

The process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory information.

• In psychology and the cognitive sciences, perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory information. It is a task far more complex than was imagined in the 1950s and 1960s, when it was proclaimed that building perceiving machines would take about a decade, but, needless to say, that is still very far from reality.

Question 132

The term multicultural diverse city includes:

Answer 132

1. Race
2. Culture
3. Ethnicity

• Class is not generally included when discussing multicultural diversity. The term multicultural diversity refers to the state of racial, cultural, and ethnic diversity within the demographics of a specified place, usually at the scale of an organization such as a school, business, neighborhood, city, or nation.

Question 133

The purpose of grandfather clauses and literacy tests, used in the southern states in the late 1800s and early 1900s, was to prevent:

Answer 133

Blacks from voting.

Question 134

The first issue that the Americans and the Soviets faced following WWII was over the future of which country?

Answer 134

Poland

• American-Soviet conflict centered on the postwar fate of Eastern Europe. Stalin concerned about retaining control over Poland, he asked the US and Great Britain to allow him to keep the territory he gained in 1939. The Americans, bolstered by a tremendous lobby of Polish-Americans, were reluctant to do so. The fate of Germany had already been decided, and while the Balkans would become an issue, it was not the first issue.

Question 135

What was the rationale that President George W. Bush used for invading Iraq?

Answer 135

Sadda Hussein had weapons of mass destruction.

• George W. Bush’s government asserted that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction. The claim over who knew what and where remains controversial as some allege that the evidence to go to war was manufactured, altered, or exaggerated to support Bush’s desire to get back at Hussein for a failed attempt at his father’s life. In 2003, the White House admitted that the claim of the presence of weapons of mass destruction had been based on faulty intelligence.

Question 136

The second “fit”, or Civil War, among the Muslim Community, was heightened after the death of which religious figure?

Answer 136

Husyan, the Prophet Muhammad’s grandson.

• The second Civil War among the Muslim community started after the death f Calip Mu’awiya. Many thought that Mu’awiya’s son and successor, Yazid was not a good Muslim, and so a rebellion, launched by Husayn, Muhammad’s grandson, gained fervor. In 680, Yazid’s army and Husayn’s small group of supporters met at Karbala, Iraq. Yazid’s forces decapatated Husyan ad slaughtered most of his forces. The only male survivor was Husayn’s child Ali. The Battle at Karbala was known as the martyrdom of Husyan.

Question 137

The system of government in the United States is:

Answer 137

A Republic.

• While we often talk about the US as a democracy, it is, in fact, a republic.
  A democracy in the classic sense of the word is government by the people, which would be a “direct democracy”.
  An absolute monarch is a form of government ruled by a king or queen, or an emperor who holds all power.
  Totalitarianism is government by a small group of leaders governing under a particular ideology. Such a regime does not tolerate any deviation from its states ideology. Regime opponents are persecuted, tortured, and detained in concentration camps, and members of ethnic minorities are killed n mass executions (genocide). Historic examples of totalitarian regimes include Nationalism Socialism (Germany under Hitler, 193301945) and Stalinism. Most modern nation-states are republics where representatives are elected by the public to a governing body, and one where the people let a head-of-state. A republic also assumes that an independent judiciary balances the governing body and head-of-state.

Question 138

The term “Trail of Tears” refers to:

Answer 138

The forces migration of the Cherokee tribe from the southern Appalachians to what is not Oklahoma.

• The term “Trail of Tears” is used to describe the forced relocation of the Cherokee tribe from the southern Appalachians to what is now Oklahoma. The migrant of Mormons fro Nauvoo, Illinois, to the Great Salt Lake in utah, and the westward movements along the Oregon Trail and, much earlier, the Wilderness Road all took place and could at times be as unpleasant as the Cherokee’s track. They were voluntary, however, compared to the Cherokee migration, and therefore did not earn such title as the “Trail of Tears”.

Question 139

A relatively large number of Chinese immigrated to the United States in one period in our history. What was that period?

Answer 139

Between the start of California gold rush in 1849-1882.

• A relatively large number of Chinese immigrated to the US between 1849 - 1882, when federal law stopped their immigration.

Question 140

Developments in US foreign policy following WWI:

Answer 140

1. Selective restrictions were placed in immigration;
2. The United Sates and its people turned inward;
3. The United States became a modern middle class economy.
   - Rather than quotas being abolished after WWI, they were more selectively applied, depending on the country of origin. Once the postwar immigration restrictions of the 1920s took effect, the overall total of immigrants to the United States was fixed at approximately 160,000 immigrants a year. The quotas for immigrants from northern and western Europe were set higher to accommodate greater demand; the quotas for immigrants from souther and eastern Europe were very small. In the aftermath of WWI, the US tried to pretend that the rest of the world did not exist. Its people turned inward, and they found that they had plenty to do. In the 1920s, the US became a modern middle-class economy powered by radios, consumer appliances, automobiles, and suburbs.

Question 141

What was the net result of the 18th Amendment?

Answer 141

Prohibition created major mob activity in the United States.

• The 18th Amendment made these of alcohol illegal, which led to a burgeoning bootlegging industry in which the Mafia played a major role. The amendment was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933.

Question 142

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 accompolish?

Answer 142

It prohibited discrimination for reason of color, race, religion, or national origin in places of public accommodation covered by interstate commerce.

• The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination for reason of color, race, religion, or national origin in places of public accommodations covered by interstate commerce, that is, restaurants, hotels, motels, and theaters. Besides dealing with the desegregation of public schools, the act, in Title VII, forbade discrimination in employment. Title VII also prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex. In 1965, the Voting Rights Act was passed, placing federal observers at polls to ensure equal voting rights. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 dealt with housing and real estate discrimination.

Question 143

Fact about Martin Luther King, Jr.:

Answer 143

In 1963, King received The Nobel Peace Prize.

• In 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize. Nevertheless, not all African Americans united behind him. Radical African Americans believed King’s emphasis on civil disobedience was not the most effective or expedient means of gaining civil rights. Furthermore, as the Black Power movement became stronger and as Malcom X’s message of black nationalism became more accepted by northern urban blacks, King became an increasingly controversial figure. King was co-pastor with his father at Ebenezer Baptist Church, located in Atlanta, GA. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968,while standing on the balcony of a motel. He was 39 years old. A few months later, on June 18, 1968, James Earl Ray was arrested in London, England, and charged with the crime; he pled guilty and was sentenced to 99 years in prison.

Question 144

The 26th Amendment was passed during the Vietnam era. What did it accomplish?

Answer 144

The amendment established age 18 as the legal voting age throughout the United States.

• The 26th Amendment was proposed by Congress on March 23, 1971, upon passage by the House of Representatives, the Senate having previously passed an identical resolution on March 10, 1971. It states:
  Section 1 - The rights of citizens of the United States, who are 18 years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.
  Section 2 - The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Question 145

Election primaries are used in the United States to determine presidential candidates. Who decides the rules of the primaries?

Answer 145

The national committees of each party.

• The National Democratic Committee and the National Republican Committee decide how their respective parties will conduct primaries. Each party has its own rules.

Question 146

One of the major effects of the Industrial Revolution of the late 19th century in the United States was:

Answer 146

An increased emphasis on speed rather than quality of work.

• There were many major changes resulting from the rapid industrial development in the United States from 1880-1900. The most significant, however, was the attention to speed. First, there was a shift to building larger and larger industrial facilities to accommodate the new machine technologies coming into existence. Small factories could not absorb the cost of much of the machinery and did not produce enough to make the machinery profitable. So there was an increase in large industrial plants and a relative decline in small factories.

Question 147

This is a plausible reason why the French did not enslave the Native Americans:

Answer 147

They were important allies and helped the French hunt animals.

• Unlike the Spanish and the Portuguese colonists, the French did not enslave the Native Americans. Instead they were trading partners, with Native Americans being their main source of Furs.

Question 148

4 Characteristics of the Cuban Missile Crisis

Answer 148

1. It was a major incident during the Cold War;
2. The Crisis began in 1961;
3. Russians refer to the event as the “Carribbean Crisis”;
4. It would have led to war.
   - The crisis is generally regarded as the moment when the Cold War came closest to escalating into a nuclear war.

Question 149

in 1967, where did the nascent counterculture first burst onto the national consciousness?

Answer 149

In the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco for the “summer of love”.

• Tens of thousands of young people poured into the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco, they heart of America’s psychedelic culture, for the “summer of love” when hippie culture flourished. It was a summer of drugs, music, sexual freedom, creative expression, and politics.

Question 150

Conservatives argued against President Johnson’s Great Society because they believed that:

Answer 150

The programs created a dependency among America’s poor.

• Conservatives frowned at the tremendous number of programs that President Johnson’s Great Soviets sought to undertake in Johnson’s “War on Poverty.” Conservatives argued that the programs created a dependency among America’s poor.

Question 151

The purpose of the Monroe Doctrine was to:

Answer 151

Limit European influence in the Western Hemisphere.

• Expressed during President Monroe’s 7th address to Congress in 1823, the Monroe Doctrine was the United States’ way of preventing European countries from encroaching on the “backyard.” Monroe stated, “…that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintained, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers…” This policy was the basis for the United States taking the strong stance agains the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis on 1961.

Question 152

What was the purpose of “Common Sense”?

Answer 152

To argue that the time had one to sever colonial ties with England.

• “Common Sense,” published in January 1776, argued that the time had come to sever colonial ties with England and that it was instrumental in convincing many colonists that the time had come for independence.

Question 153

Characteristic of the Han Dynasty:

Answer 153

The boundaries established by the Qin and maintained by the Han have more or less defined the nation of China up to the present day.

• The Han Dynasty, under whose rule China was reunited, is divided into 2 major periods: the Western or Former Han (206BCE-9CE) and the Eastern or Later Han (25-220BCE). The boundaries established by the Qin and maintained by the Han have more or less defined the nation of China up to the present day. The Western Han capital, Chang’an, in present-day Shaanxi Province, was a monumental urban center laid out on a north-south axis with palaces, residential wards, and two bustling market areas. It was one of the two largest cities in the ancient world (Rome was the other). Poetry, literature, and philosophy flourished during the reign of Emperor Wudi (141-86BCE). The monumental Shiji written by Sima Qin (145-80BCE) set the standard for later government-sponsored histories. Among many other things, it recorded information about the various peoples, invariability described as “barbarian,” who lived on the empire’s borders. Wudi also established Confucianism as the basis for correct official and individual conduct and for the educational curriculum. The reliance of the bureaucracy on members of a highly educated class grounded in Confucian writings and other classics defined China’s statecraft for many centuries.

Question 154

This philosopher argues that social policy should be established by imagining ourselves “behind the veil of ignorance”:

Answer 154

John Rawls.

• John Rawles believed that the “veil of ignorance” is a better way to determine the morality of an issue like slavery based upon the principle that if societal roles were completely refashioned and redistributed, and viewed only from behind the “veil of ignorance” where one would not know what role they would be reassigned, only then could valid decisions about the morality of an issue be rendered. If we were to take this idea and apply it to slavery, Rawls would argue that if white southerners had not known whether or not they themselves would be enslaved, then perhaps they would have perceived the nature of slavery differently.

Question 155

These states are permanent members of the UN Security Council:

Answer 155

1. The United States
2. China
3. France
4. The Russian Federation
5. The United Kingdom

Question 156

“Realpolitik” is associated with what German politician?

Answer 156

Otto von Bismarck.

• The most famous German politician associated with “realpolitik” was Otto von Bismarck. “Realpolitik” refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily on power and on reality, or rather practical and material factors and considerations, rather than ideological notions or moralistic or ethical premises. Bismarck used this idea to achieve Prussian dominance in Germany by demonstrating a pragmatic view of the real world and doing whatever it took to achieve his diplomatic ends.

Question 157

Historians generally consider this the earliest root cause of WWII:

Answer 157

The Treaty of Versailles.

• When judging the terms of the peace treaties, in particular the Treaty of Versailles, it is important to keep in mind the atmosphere in Europe and the attitude toward Germany in the period just after WWI. Obviously anti-German feeling was strong in 1919. President Woodrow Wilson wanted to secure a peace based on his 14 points. He wanted a peace that would be based on justice, that would have liberal principles at its core, and that would be maintained by a new international organization (The League of Nations). Wilson did agree that Germany needed to be punished for starting the war, but he wanted the punishment to be fair. Europe took the punishment to the extreme, setting up the next conflict.

Question 158

The Maastricht Treaty of 1991:

Answer 158

Led to the creation of the euro and the structure of the European Economic Union.

• The signing of the Treaty of Maastricht took place in Maastricht, Netherlands, on February 7, 1992. This treaty resulted from European interest in uniting after the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and German reunification. It also advanced the agenda of the Single European Act (SEA) of 1986 that furthered the idea of the European Political Union by widening EU responsibilities and deepened the integration of European countries through the creation of supranational and intergovernmental structures.

Question 159

Ferdinand and Isabella’s policies of Spanish nationalism led to the expulsion, from Spain, of large number of Spanish:

Answer 159

Jews.

• The first monarchs of a united Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella, achieved that unity by gaining control of the remaining Muslim sections of southern Spain. In an effort to promote cultural unity and establish a national identity, they defined Spanish nationalism in terms of their understanding of orthodox Catholicism. Those not fitting their definition of orthodoxy were condemned as disloyal or subversive. Two particular groups, -Jews, and Muslims who had converted to Christianity but retained Muslim customs or dress- were forced to exile by Spanish authorities.

Question 160

Objectives of the First Continental Congress:

Answer 160

1. To remain a part of Britain;
2. To compose a statement of colonial rights;
3. To provide a plan that would convince Britain to restore certain rights.
   - Members of the First Continental Congress sought a peaceful resolution to their differences with Britain. They wanted to establish their rights and have them recognized by the government in England. Military conflict was not on their minds at this time.

Question 161

This civil rights leader had a different type of plan than Martin Luther King, Jr.:

Answer 161

Malcolm X.

• Malcolm X advocated more confrontational and potentially violent means for achieving civil rights than did leaders like Martin Luther King, Jr., Rosa Parks, and James Meredith, who promoted Gandhi’s example of civil disobedience as a method for change.

Question 162

The United States acquired the Philippines:

Answer 162

At the end of the Spanish-American War.

• At the end of the Spanish-American War, the United States acquired the Philippines, and after suggesting an independence movement, it began modernizing the islands, especially in terms of public health measures to stop epidemics that killed hundreds of thousands.

Question 163

These countries were participants in the Potsdam Declaration ending WWII:

Answer 163

1. the United States
2. Britain
3. China
   - On July 26, 1945, the United States, Britain, and China released the Potsdam Declaration, announcing the terms for Japan’s surrender, with the warning, “We will not deviate from them. There are no alternatives. We shall brook no delay.”

Question 164

Renaissance Humanism was a threat to the Church because it:

Answer 164

Emphasized a return to the original sources of Christianity.

• Renaissance Humanism was a threat to the Church because it emphasized a return to the original sources of Christianity - the Bible and the writings of the Fathers of the Church. In that light, the humanists tended to ignore or denounce the proceedings of the Church councils and pontiffs during the Middle Ages. While many Renaissance Humanists denounced scholasticism, there was no inherent opposition to it an many retained support of the late Medieval philosophy. Renaissance humanism did not espouse atheism nor did it advance an amoral philosophy; it tended to advance a neo-Platonism through the writings of such individuals as Giovanni Pico della Mirandola and Marsiglio of Padua.

Question 165

Reasons why the World Court has proven to be an ineffective organ of the United Nations:

Answer 165

1. Members of the UN are members of the court, but they are not compelled to submit their disputed for consideration;
2. Nation-states are reluctant to submit vital questions to the Court;
3. Its decisions are not enforced;
   - The World Court is the judicial arm of the UN and represents a concerted effort to replace armed conflict with the rule of law. Unfortunately, it has proven to be an ineffective organ. Nation-states are reluctant to submit vital questions to the Court, and there is a lack of consensus as to the norms to be applied. Members of the UN are members of the Court, but they are not compelled to submit their disputes for consideration.

Question 166

What does international law have to say about “just wars?”

Answer 166

It declares that “just wars” are legal, but wars of aggression are not.

• A “just war” is the notion that under certain conditions, the use of armed force is justified.

Question 167

This is an example of the power of the President of the United States as its Chief Executive:

Answer 167

Commander-in-Chief.

• As the leader of the United States, the President’s powers include serving as Commander-in-Chief, negotiating treaties, appointing ambassadors, judges, and other high officials, granting pardons and reprieves, recommending legislation, an meeting wth representatives of foreign states.

Question 168

Rousseau believed in these ideas of social contract:

Answer 168

1. Human society is built on an imperfect social contract;
2. People ceded power to a group, not an individual;
3. Hobbes’ social contract idea needed to be radically revised.
   - Rousseau believed that all government is inherently flawed, as it created servitude and inequality. As such, he believed that the social contract needed to be revised, particularly if government failed to protect people, ensure equality, and freedom.

Question 169

This describes a feature of Spanish colonial ventures:

Answer 169

The New World was divided into four vice-royalties.

• As part of the colonial administration, the Spanish Crown divided the New World into 4 vice-royalties, each with a viceroy and “audencia”, a board of judges who served as a judicial body as well as an advisory council. Crown control over the colonies was direct and those who governed the colonies were responsible directly to the Spanish monarch. The Spanish believed that the colonies existed for the benefit of the Crown. In an effort to promote the mercantilist principle, the development of native industries was discouraged and the Crown eliminated the “quint”, 1/5th of all precious metals mined in South America.

Question 170

The Boxer Rebellion was:

Answer 170

A rebellion launched by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, who wanted to expel all Westerners from their land.

• An 1889-1890 anti-foreign uprising among militia units who called themselves the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists wanted to rid China of “foreign devils” and their influence. This secret society combined martial arts training, hatred of foreigners, and a belief that they were invulnerable to Western weapons. The foreign press referred to the rebels ad “Boxers”. The Boxers killed foreigners, Chinese Christians, and any Chinese who had ties to foreigners. In June of 1890, 140,000 Boxers launched a siege on embassies in Beijing and held the foreigners hostage for 55 days. A combined armed force of 20,000 British, French, Russian, US, German, and Japanese troops crushed the movement, forced the Chinese to pay indemnities, and decreed that foreign powers could station troops in their embassies and along routes to the sea.

Question 171

The liberalism that emerged by the end of the 19th century was more concerned with this than with political and social rights:

Answer 171

Civil Rights.

• By the end of the 19th century, liberalism moved away from being just a concern of maintaining the interests of the privileged strata of society and toward a more democratic variety. Liberals during this period looked to government to minimize or correct the problems that accompanied industrialization. They took up issues of slavery, women’s rights, universal suffrage, and workers’ rights.

Question 172

The US Department of Homeland Security became a cabinet department in the wake of 9/11 mainly:

Answer 172

To coordinate cooperation and communication between various federal intelligence agencies.

Question 173

These statements reflect the amendment to the US Constitution:

Answer 173

1. The 8th Amendment prohibits the setting of excessive bail;
2. The 7th Amendment established the principle of trial-by-jury;
3. The 4th Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures.

Question 174

A legislative issue decided by a popular vote is known as:

Answer 174

A referendum.

• A legislative issue decided by a popular vote is known as a referendum. An initiative is a petition-driven effort to get a legislature to consider a bill while a recall attempts to remove a locally elected official before their term has expired.
  An injunction is a court order to end a work stoppage and mediation involves a neutral third-party arbitrating a contract for a stalemated labor-management conflict.

Question 175

This allows the modern US federal government to exercise some control over traditional state responsibilities like education and highways.

Answer 175

Federal Funds.

• Working with the states, the federal government creates laws and programs that are funded federally, but administered by the states. Education, social welfare, assisting housing and nutrition, homeland security, transportation, and emergency response are key areas in which states deliver services using federal funds; such services are thus subject to federal guidelines.

Question 176

The US Constitution specifically gives the responsibility for education to the states. This is an example of federal intervention in education:

Answer 176

No Child Left Behind.

• America’s Promise Alliance was founded in 1997 with former Secretary of State Colin Powell as chairman. America’s Promise Alliance is a cross-sector partnership of more than 300 corporations and nonprofits. No Child Left Behind, reauthorized in 2015 as the Every Student Succeeds Act, is federal legislation with substantial influence on the states’ education programs. READ 180 and Phonics are methods for teaching reading.

Question 177

These government responsibilities are delegated to the states in the US Constitution:

Answer 177

1. Establishing state-sponsored colleges and universities;
2. Administering and certifying elections, including elections for federal officials;
3. Administering publicly funded health, housing, and nutrition programs for low-income and disabled residence.

Question 178

The key emphasis on the economic freedom and individual incentive for every player in the system refers to:

Answer 178

Capitalism.

• The characteristics of capitalism (private ownership and control of property and resources, free enterprise, competition among businesses, freedom of choice, the possibility of profits) provide for freedom of choice and individual incentive.

Question 179

This US Supreme Court case ruled that courts must provide legal counsel to poor defendants in all felony cases:

Answer 179

Gideon v. Wainwright

• in 1963, the Supreme Court ruled in Gideon v. Wainwright

Question 180

If the federal government wants to influence state governments in an area that the US Constitution establishes as a responsibility of the states, what action can it legally take?

Answer 180

The federal government can threaten to withhold money for projects administered by the states unless states comply.

• Working with the States, the federal government creates certain laws and programs that are funded federally, but administered by the states. In many cases, the states must also partially fund the programs to qualify for federal funds. Education social welfare, assisted housing and nutrition, homeland security, transportation, and emergency response are key areas where states deliver services using federal funds are subject to federal guidelines. This gives the federal government the power to influence the states. For example, in the 1970s the federal government wanted to lower highway speed limits to reduce energy consumption. Rather than simply legislate a lower speed limit, the federal government threatened to withhold money for road projects from states that did not themselves lower the speed limit in their states.

Question 181

This is reflective of the unitary/rational actor model of foreign policy:

Answer 181

Assumes that all nations share similar goals and approach foreign policy issues in like fashion.

• The unitary/rational actor model of foreign policy assumes that all nations share similar goals and approach foreign policy issues in like fashion. The actions players take, according to this theory, are influenced by the actions of other players rather than by what may be taking place internally. The rational component in this model is that it is assumed that actors will respond on the world stage by making the best choice after measures consideration of possible alternatives.

Question 182

How many justices are on the US Supreme Court?

Answer 182

9.

• The number of justices is determined by Congress rather than the Constitution, and since 1869, the Court has been composed of 1 chief justice and 8 associate justices.

Question 183

During the 20th century, non-state actors are movements or parties that function as independent states. Which organization would be considered a non-state actor?

Answer 183

The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).

• The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is an example of a non-state actor that conducts its own foreign policy, purchases armaments, and has committed acts of terror that have affected the entire international community.

Question 184

Primaries can be opened or closed. What is one feature of a closed primary?

Answer 184

Voters must register with a party in advance of the election.

• The primary is often favored by the parties for a number of reasons. First, voters must register with a party in advance of the election. This is favorable for the party because it generates a list of loyal partisans. Closed primaries also ensure that the voters in each party’s primary truly support the party and do not mean to undermine its success. The chief criticism of the closed primary is that voters must openly declare partisanship. Consequently, not everyone is involved in the choice of candidates for the general election.

Question 185

This does not fall within the scope of political science:

Answer 185

Education.

Question 186

What is a covenant?

Answer 186

An idea that defines political justice, shapes political behavior, and directs people toward synthesis of their desires so that the two manage political power.

Question 187

When a member of the US House of Representatives helps a citizen from their district receive some federal aid to which that citizen is entitles, the representative’s action is referred to as:

Answer 187

Casework.

• The term “casework” is used by political scientists to describe the activities of members of Congress on behalf of individual constituents. These activities might include helping an elderly person secure Social Security benefits, or helping a veteran obtain medical services. Most casework is actually done by congressional staff and may take as much as a third of the staff’s time. Members of congress supply this type of assistance for the good public relations it provides.

Question 188

This is typically a view of conservative political ideologies:

Answer 188

View both change and government with suspicion.

• Conservative political ideologies are more inclined to view both government and change with suspicion. They usually emphasize individual initiative and local solutions to problems. Historically conservative political ideologies have argued for less governmental interference in private moral decisions.

Question 189

This has the chief responsibility for assembling and analyzing the figures in the presidential budget submitted to Congress each year:

Answer 189

The Office of Management and Budget. (76)

Question 190

The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 established the line of succession for the president of the United States. Who succeeds the president if the president and the vice president are killed or incapacitated at the same time?

Answer 190

The Speaker of the House.

• The succession after the vice president is Speaker of the House, president pro tempore of the Senate, secretary of state, and then Secretary of the Treasury.

Question 191

This country is a republic like the United States:

Answer 191

Brazil.

Question 192

Statements concerning the US President’s cabinet:

Answer 192

1. It includes heads of the 15 executive departments;
2. Although not mentioned in the Constitution, the cabinet has been part of American government since the presidency of George Washington;
3. Presidents may appoint special advisers to the cabinet.

Question 193

As students get older and learn more about the world around them, what sort of changes will happen to their mental maps?

Answer 193

Maps should accumulate more information and become more complex.

• As students get older their mental maps get refined over and over again and represent changing understandings of spatial knowledge as they gain more experience and knowledge, and form more subjective opinions about people and places.

Question 194

An essential difference between the standard language of people and an official language is that the standard language is:

Answer 194

The chosen, generally accepted variant of a language, while the official language is the legally declared language of a country to be used in all government interactions.

• An official language is the designated language of a government for all government purposes, such as legislation and all records. The standard language is the generally accepted dialect in a language that has various forms. For example, the standard language in the United States of America is English, whereas in England, it is British Received Pronunciation.

Question 195

What map would have the smallest map scale?

Answer 195

A map of the world.

• The smaller the map scale, the larger the area being represented on the map.

Question 196

Topics that fall within the scope of human-environmental geography:

Answer 196

1. Humans adapt to the environment;
2. Humans modify the environment;
3. Humans depend on the environment.

Question 197

What does “IPAT” Equation mean?

Answer 197

It shows that growing populations and rising standards of living and the uses of technology all impact the environment.

• I=PAT is the formula describing the impact of human activity on the environment - also written as I=PxAxT. In words it is the product of population (P) combined with affluence (A) (standard of living), and technology (T) that determines the human impact (I) on the environment.

Question 198

The stability and balance of ecosystems can be shattered by all but:

Answer 198

Rain.

• Ecosystems are rather fragile, as just one disruption to a component can have rippling effects elsewhere. Humans, in particular, have affected ecosystems increasingly as population and energy consumption have increased. Rain is part of the ecosystem.

Question 199

The focus of the Green Revolution was:

Answer 199

Reducing starvation in less-developed countries.

• The 20th century’s Green Revolution was aimed at reducing hunger in less-developed countries by giving farmers in these regions greater access to the fertilizers and seeds they needed to increase their crop yields and improve their farming practices. It did not focus on commercial agriculture or improving profits for agribusinesses.

Question 200

The IPAT Equation summarizes the factors that influence the degree of human impact on the environment. What does IPAT stand for?

Answer 200

I=PAT stands for I (impact on the environment) is equal to P (population) multiplied by A (affluence or standard of living) multiplied by T (a technology factor). The IPAT equation reveals that both increasing populations with similar increases in standards of living produce a greater strain on an environment.

Question 201

A primary differentiation between a state and a nation is that a state:

Answer 201

Is a political abstract, whereas a nation is a human group.

• Terms describing political entities are often confusing. To help understand the differences, these explanations can be helpful. A state is essentially a country, which is a political term for a sovereign, bounded territory that has a government. A nation, on the other hand, is a group of people with a shared culture and history. A state can change its borders, and a nation can realign its identity, thus making new entities.

Question 202

When looking at urban land use, we need to look at these 2 elements to gain an understanding of patterns of usage with regard to transportation.

Answer 202

Nature of Land Use and Level of Spatial Accumulation.

• Urban transportation aims at supporting transport demands generated by the diversity of urban activities in a diversity of urban contexts. A key for understanding entities thus lies in the analysis of patterns and processes of the transport / land use system. This system is highly complex and involves several relationships between the transport system, spatial interaction, and land use.

Transport System - Considers the set of transport infrastructures and modes that are supporting urban movements of passengers and freight. It generally expresses the level of accessibility.

Spatial Interaction - Consider the nature, extent, origins and destinations of the urban movements of passengers and freight. They take into consideration the attributes of the transport system as well as the land use factors that are generating and attracting movements.

Land Use - Considers the level of spatial accumulation of activities ant their associated levels of mobility requirements. Land use is commonly linked with demographic and economic attributes.

Question 203

Channelized migration flows may be characterized by what?

Answer 203

Linked areas that are socially and economically tied to one another.

• Channelized migration flows tend to be among areas that are socially and economically tied to one another by past migration patterns, economic trade considerations, or some other sort of affiliation. Examples of channelized migration patterns in the US might be from movements of blacks from south to north, retired people to Florida and Arizona, or European Jews to New York.

Question 204

This term means a merging of older, farm-centered crop economy with newer patterns of more integrated production and marketing systems:

Answer 204

Agribusiness

• Agribusiness is a merging of older, farm-centered crop economy with newer patterns of more integrated production and marketing systems. Depending on the audience, an agribusiness may have a positive or negative connotation. To some, it is a generic term for business involved in agriculture. To others, it refers to the idea of corporate farming and contrasted with small, family-run businesses.

Question 205

The relationship among power structures, the environment, and economic inequalities is termed:

Answer 205

Political Ecology.

• Human Geography deals with multiple characteristics. Political ecology is the arm of geography that analyzes political structures and their relationship to natural resources and habitats.

Question 206

During the 19th century, about how many Europeans migrated to the Western Hemisphere?

Answer 206

50 Million

• Approximately 50 million Europeans migrated to the Western Hemisphere in the 19th century, which changed the demographics of the Americas. Some fled the squalid and dangerous factories in Europe, others fled famine, and some left because of persecution. Many of those migrants who came to the US settled in new industrial centers in Cleveland, New York, and Pittsburgh and contributed to the ability of the US to rapidly industrialize.

Question 207

What is the definition of Discount Rate?

Answer 207

The interest rate a Federal Reserve bank charges eligible financial institutions to borrow funds on a short-term basis.

• The discount rate is an element of federal monetary policy. This rate affects the cost of money to banks and, subsequently, the cost to borrow by consumers.

Question 208

Statements regarding the gross domestic product (GDP):

Answer 208

1. GDP is usually calculated on a 3 year average;
2. GDP excludes all public consumption and government outlays;
3. GDP does not include investments or exports minus imports.
   - The gross domestic product (GDP) is the monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time period, though GDP is usually calculated on an annual basis. It includes all of private and public consumption, government outlays, investments, and exports, less imports, that occur within a defined territory.

Question 209

The functional distribution of income is the distribution of income:

Answer 209

Among the four classes of production factors.

Question 210

The primary reason for trade, according to international trade theory, is:

Answer 210

The existence of price differentials among nations.

• The existence of price differentials among nations in the primary reason for trade according to international trade theory.

Question 211

What is an example of an indirect tax set?

Answer 211

VAT

• An indirect tax is a tax collected by an intermediary from the person who bears the economic burden of the tax. VAT is one example.

Question 212

The value of a country’s total output of goods and services in that country during a year is called its:

Answer 212

Gross Domestic Product.

• A country’s gross domestic product (GDP) shows the total of all goods and services counted within a country’s domestic borders over the course of a year. Usually, the (GDP) is a helpful measure of a country’s overall economic strength.

Question 213

What type of economy relies on market forces to allocate resources and goods, and to determine prices and quantities of each good that will be produced?

Answer 213

Market

• A market economy relies largely upon forces to allocate resources and goods, and to determine prices and quantities of each good that will be produced. Capitalist economies are market economics, while managed economies are less so.

Question 214

4 factors of production:

Answer 214

1. Labor;
2. Capital;
3. Land;
4. Entrepreneurship.

Question 215

Macroeconomic issues:

Answer 215

1. Inflation;
2. Unemployment;
3. Economic Growth.

• Macroeconomic issues deal with economic issues on a national or international scale, not on an individual scale.

Question 216

Free trade is based on the principle of:

Answer 216

Comparative Advantage.

Question 217

The Federal Open Market COmmittee sets the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy, which is carried out where?

Answer 217

The trading desk of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

• The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) sets the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy, which is carried out through the trading desk of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. If the FOMC decides that more money and credit should be available, it directs the trading desk in New York to buy securities from the open market.

Question 218

Who sets the discount rate for the Federal Reserve?

Answer 218

The board of directors of the Federal Reserve Banks.

• The “discount rate” is the interest rate a Federal Reserve Bank charges eligible financial institutions to borrow funds on a short-term basis. Unlike open market operations, which interact with financial market forces to influence short-term interest rates, the discount rate is set by the board of directors of the Federal Reserve banks, and it is subject to approval by the Board of Governors. Under some circumstances, changes in the discount rate can affect other open market interest rates in the economy. Changes in the discount rate also can have an announcement effect, causing financial markets to respond to a potential change in the direction of monetary policy. A higher discount rate can indicate a more restrictive policy, while a lower rate may be used to signal a more expansive policy.

Question 219

The Federal Reserve sets reserve requirements for all commercial banks, savings banks, savings and loans, credit unions, and US branches and agencies of foreign banks. Depository institutions use their reserve accounts at Federal Reserve banks for what other purposes?

Answer 219

To process check and electronic payments.

• Depository institutions use their reserve accounts at Federal Reserve banks not only to satisfy reserve requirements, but also to process many financial transactions through the Federal Reserve, such as checks and electronic payments and currency and coin services.

Question 220

What is the only federal reserve agency to have both consumer protection and competition jurisdiction in broad sectors of the company?

Answer 220

The Federal Trade Commission.

• The Federal Trade Commission deals with issues that touch the economic life of every American. It is the only federal agency with both consumer protection and competition jurisdiction in broad sectors of the economy.

Question 221

In a floating exchange rate system,

Answer 221

The exchange rate should adjust to equate the supply and demand of the currency.

Question 222

What best defines wealth?

Answer 222

The values of assets owned minus the value of liabilities owed at a point in time.

• To determine your wealth, you must consider both your assets and you liabilities.

Question 223

What best defines inflation?

Answer 223

A general rise in prices measured against a standard level of purchasing power.

Question 224

In a regressive tax system:

Answer 224

The marginal rate of tax decreases as income increases.

Question 225

Areas of interest in sociology:

Answer 225

1. Class Structure;
2. Race;
3. Gender.

• Sociology is the study of society and human social interactions.

Question 226

This sets human behavior above all other creatures on earth:

Answer 226

Culture.

Question 227

Deviant Behavior is the term used by sociologists to describe behaviors which the dominate group defines as:

Answer 227

Violating the Basic Norms.

• Deviance refers to those behaviors that a group stigmatizes because they are seen as violating basic norms. Rape, child abuse, and incest are examples of behaviors which are seen as deviant by many groups in the United States. Acts that are rare or unusual are not considered deviant if they involve praiseworthy or offensive behaviors.

Question 228

These are characteristics of human populations:

Answer 228

1. Death;
2. Marriage and Divorce;
3. Migration.

Question 229

From a sociological standpoint, what is one difference between Asian immigrants to the United States and immigrants from South America?

Answer 229

Most South Americans speak Spanish, whereas Asians from different countries do not share a common language.
- Asian immigrants do not have a common language. Koreans, Chinese, Japanese, Cambodians, and Vietnamese all speak a different language.

Question 230

According to Freud, a development halt due to frustration and anxiety during a particular psychosexual state is referred to as:

Answer 230

Fixation.

• Sigmund Freud was one of the early psychologists. In 1900, Freud’s famous work “Interpretation of Dreams” was published introducing Freud’s Theory of the Unconscious and the Theory of the Oedipus complex. According to Freud’s Oedipus complex, fixation results from abnormal personality development. Freud stated that a person feels a certain amount of frustration and anxiety as he passes from one stage of development to the next. If that frustration and anxiety become too great, development may halt, the person becoming fixated at the stage he is trying to out grow of. For example, an overly dependent child is thought to be fixated. Development has ceased at an early stage preventing the child from growing up and becoming independent.

Question 231

In sociology, family, school, mass media, and peer groups are referred to as:

Answer 231

Agents of Socialization.

• According to sociologists, agents of socialization are individuals, groups, and institutions that supply the structure that socialization takes place in modern societies.

Question 232

The concept of culture includes:

Answer 232

1. Personal Values;
2. Religious Beliefs;
3. Styles of Dress.

• Culture consists of the shared products of human interaction, both material and nonmaterial. An individual’s intelligence is the result of personal development and genetic inheritance. Because intelligence may vary greatly among individuals, it is not shared among members of a society.

Question 233

Anthropology is the study of human behavior in all places and at all times. The two broad sub-fields of anthropology are physical anthropology and:

Answer 233

Cultural Anthropology.

• Cultural anthropology is the study of learned behavior in human societies and is subdivided into archaeology, ethnography, ethnology, social anthropology, and linguistics.

Question 234

Sociology is best defined as the scientific study of:

Answer 234

Social Interactions.

• Sociology studies human interaction, both in small groups and in larger settings, and the results of that interaction, such as groups, organizations, institutions, and nations. Social problems are only a part of the subject matter in sociology. Human personality and human development are more often studied by psychologists.

Question 235

These are examples of a social network:

Answer 235

1. A Church Congregation;
2. A University;
3. A Family.

• Virtually any group can be considered a social network.

Question 236

3 examples of social issues:

Answer 236

1. How to address poverty;
2. Whether birth control is taught in schools;
3. Whether evolution is taught in schools.

• Social issues are considered to be outside the control of a single individual and impact society-at-large and that can separate people in the community.