Test 1 Flashcards

Question

What did the Manhattan Project accomplish?

Answer 1

It's developed the first nuclear weapon during World War II. - The Manhattan project was the project to develop the first nuclear weapon (atomic bomb), during World War II, by the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. Formally designed as the Manhattan Engineering District (MED), it refers specifically to the period of the project from 1941 to 1946.

Answer 2

12 million immigrants were inspected at Ellis Island. - 12 million immigrants were processed at Ellis island before it's closure on November 12, 1954. Ellis Island, located at the mouth of the Hudson river in New York Harbor, was one of three processing stations operated by the federal government. It was the major processing station for third class/steerage immigrants entering the United States in 1892; it processed 70% of all immigrants at the time. Ellis Island is within the boundaries of Jersey City, New Jersey, but is legally part of New York under the 1834 treaty setting a boundary between the two states.

Answer 3

The First Immigrant Stream came from western and northern Europe where an Anglo-conformity model work for them. - immigration to the US can largely be divided into three streams: 1. The First Immigrant Stream came from western and northern Europe where an Anglo-Conformity model worked for them; 2. The Second Immigrant Stream from 1890-1924 featured people from Russia, Poland, Portugal, Spain, and Greece. Why other languages were further away from English, they fit into America's "melting pot" and blended in. 3. The Third Immigrant Stream from 1946 to the present has seen immigrants from Latin America, China, Mexico, and led to the "browning of America."

Answer 4

Political instability in Eastern Europe. - some of the reasons why World War I began can be linked to the Austria Hungarian annexation of Bosnia, Slavic nationalism, and the assassination of Archduke Frans Ferdinand. World War II began as a result of the German occupation of Austria and Czechoslovakia. The League of Nations did not start until after World War I. Secret alliances and secret agreements among nations, while they contributed to World War I, were not really a factor in World War II. The fall of the Ottoman Empire technically occurred after World War I. While the partitioning a bit of the old Ottoman Empire into colonial rule by the British and the French did cause strife and conflict, it was not a cause of World War II.

Answer 5

Remorse over the widespread deaths his military campaigns caused. - Ashoka's reign during the Mauryan Empire (c. 269-232 BCE) for the higher to its farthest limits. In 261, he conquered Kalinga (the modern state of Orissa) which resulted in a bloody campaign that left over 100,000 dead. Upset with the carnage, he rejected more, adopted nonviolence, and converted to Buddhism. He made it part of his duty to spread Buddhist teachings. He initiated a tremendous movement of building 84,000 Buddhist stupas throughout India.He also spread his message to foreign lands and sent out missionaries. One such destination was central Asia, we're Buddhism spread and later made its way to China, Japan, and Korea. Across his empire, Ashoka tried to rule as a moral prince, promoting civic virtue, and the moral welfare of the realm

Answer 6

1. Free elections; 2. Freedom of speech; 3. Peaceful and orderly transfer of political power. - Capitalism, and economic and social system, is not a requirement for democracy. The development of a capitalist society may follow the establishment of a democratic state, but a society with many socialist elements can still be a democracy. Free elections, freedom of speech, and peaceful and orderly transfer of political power are required for a democracy.

Answer 7

Allowing China to conquer more land to the west and go into Central Asia in search of "blood-sweating" horses that the Haun interpreted as being blessed by heaven. - Trade over the silk road during the Han period created a demand for its most prized product –silk- from areas far to the west. For centuries, the Chinese had known and carefully guarded the secret to making silk, instituting decrees that made it punishable by death for anyone to reveal the secrets. Western desire for this magic fabric led to the establishment of overland routes between China and Central Asia. The silk Road was actually a network of routes that linked China to India, the Middle East, and the Roman empire. Many of the goods traded along the route were luxury items, which are often small and valuable, and thus highly profitable. Traders also carried ideas along their routes, like Buddhism. Hinduism was not a religion that spread outside India. One reason Chinese trade with Central Asia increased was that China wanted its swift horses, and horses that were believed to be blessed by heaven because they sweated blood, now known to be caused by a parasite. The social structure in Chinese society placed merchants just above slaves, partly because they were perceived as profiting from other peoples work, not their own.

Answer 8

A place of seclusion for all women of the imperial court. - The Islamic concept of the harem was as a place of seclusion for all women of the imperial court. Women did receive a salary and some used their money to support philanthropies, and even, at times, to help fund the government when it was short of money. Typically those who were exiled from the court were permanently exiled by execution. Janissaries were Christian boys from the Balkan peninsula trained to be soldiers by the Ottoman Empire.

Answer 9

To accelerate economic development and promote political stability in the region. - ASEAN, initially conceived as a bulwark against communism, was established in 1967 by the foreign ministers of Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Its original focus was to accelerate economic development and promote stability in the region. They later focused on economics by signing cooperative agreements with Japan in 1977 and the European Community in 1980, and in 1992 setting up a free-trade zone and cutting tariffs.

Answer 10

NGO (Nongovernmental Organization).

Answer 11

1. Important developments in transportation, including the steam locomotive, steamship, automobile, airplane. 2. Important development and communications, including the telegraph and radio. 3. Agricultural improvements that made possible the provisions of food for a larger nonagricultural population. - Science was increasingly used it industry during the Industrial Revolution.

Answer 12

He began secretly building up Germany's army and weapons. - following his ascension to Chancellor in January 1933, Adolf Hitler almost immediately began secretly building of Germany's army and weapons stockpile. In 1934, he increased the size of the army, commissioned of the construction of warships, and created a German Air Force. Compulsory military service was also introduced.

Answer 13

"Big Stick" policy - Big Stick Diplomacy, as the United States press corps termed it, is based on Theodore Roosevelt's invocation of an African proverb, "speak softly, and carry a big stick, you will go far," to describe his belief that the United States had a moral imperative to all other interests out of the Western Hemisphere. Many political cartoons of the day depicted Roosevelt carrying a big stick and keeping the monopolists and European countries in line.

Answer 14

Military coalitions, espionage, and the space race. - The Cold War was the period of conflict, tension, and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies from the mid-1940s until the early 1990s. Throughout the period, the rivalry between the two superpowers was played out in multiple arenas: military coalitions; ideology, psychology, and espionage; military, industrial, and technological developments, including the space race; costly defense spending; a massive conventional and nuclear arms race; and many proxy wars. Mercantilism was a seventeenth-century economic theory.

Answer 15

When members of the Convention, afraid that Robespierre would turn on them, had him arrested. - Concerned that foreign threats and internal chaos would end the Revolution, French revolutionaries created the Committee on Public Safety, which became an enforcer of the revolution and killed or arrested anyone who was suspected of being of being against the revolution. Led by Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins, the Committee on Public Safety unleashed what is not referred to as the "Reign of Terror" as it sought to eliminate all enemies of the French Revolution - both real and imagines - and wound up executing about 40,000 people and arresting about 300,000. It ended when Robspierre became a victim of the Reign of Terror when he and his supporters were arrested on July 27, 1794, and beheaded soon after.

Answer 16

1. Settlement brought European diseases to the populations of other countries; 2. Procurement of African slaves became an industry unto itself; 3. Native American populations were eventually decimated.

Answer 17

The raw materials, such as iron, coal, and water, which were plentiful in supply and easy to access. - The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and helped to make the country enormously powerful in the 19th century. Britain had the essential elements that a nation needed to to achieve economic success - the factors of production (land, labor, and capital). Many political and economic factors enabled the Industrial Revolution to begin and flourish in Britain. The colonies held by Britain provided both raw materials and markets for British goods. Its powerful navy defended its shipping, political stability at home encouraged commerce, and the enclosure movement allowed for efficient farming methods, but also pushed poor farmers out of farming and into cities looking for jobs. Also, private investment in businesses funded experiments for creating better products.

Answer 18

1. His analysis of imperialism; 2. His concept of a revolutionary party as a disciplined unit; 3. His critique of monarchy. - Race does not hold the same context in early 20th century Russia and modern Russia as discussed in the context of the United States. Race is referred to as ethnicity that divides Russia's social structure. However, during Lenin's lifetime, Russia was an ethnically homogeneous country. In Lenin's writings one can find a critique of monarchy and imperialism. His concept of "vanguard" or disciplined revolutionary party is, perhaps, his biggest contribution to Marxist thought.

Answer 19

He promised to end Germany's misfortunes by creating a German Reich, or empire, that would endure for thousands of years. - Punishments Assessed on Germany with the Treaty of Versailles took all of Germany's colonial possessions and gave them to Great Britain, France, and Japan. While Hitler had some supporters in the army and big business, he was viewed with some skepticism nu the Hindenburg government. While anti-Semitism certainty was a key element of National Socialist rule, the official goal of the Nazi regime was Jewish emigration. The orchestration of the systematic murder of Jews did not begin until the late 1930s.

Answer 20

Sayyid Qutb - Syyid Qutb's theoretical writings became the basis for many radical Islamic movements, including al-Qaeda, who believed that many of the governments in Muslim countries were corrupted by the West and should be overthrown. Qutb believed that the West was, at its heart, a corrupted culture. His dislike of the West intensified after he spent some time in 1949 studying at Colorado State Teacher's College. He believed that the United States had a culture of greed and despaired over how poorly people of color had been treated throughout U.S. history, and in particular how he was treated as an Arab. He was repulsed with what he saw as the rampant sexuality of American culture and concluded that American culture had little to save it, as women, in his view, were promiscuous vixens, and and American men seemed obsessed with sports and allowed their women too much freedom. His writings warned Egypt that its fascination with "modernity" was misguided and that Islam offered liberation from the evils of Western society. He advocated jihad and asserted that violent resistance should be waged against regimes that claimed to be Muslim but did not act in accordance with Islamic precepts. He was later accused of plotting against the Egyptian government and was hanged in 1966.

Answer 21

Greater Serbia - Slobodan Milosevic embraced Serbian nationalism with the dream of an ethnically pure Greater Serbia that launched almost a decade of war in the Balkans during the 1990s. During this period, Milosevic purged the Yugoslavian Army of non-Serbs and fomented unrest outside of Serbia in areas that had large numbers of Serbian minorities. in 1991, after Croatia, Serbia, and Macedonia declared their independence, Milosevic encouraged Croatian Serbs to take over large portions of Croatia. In 1992, Bosnian Serbs, supported by Milosevic's military and paramilitary forces, rebelled, beginning a brutal struggle to "purify" Bosnia of its Muslim inhabitants. During the conflict, hundreds of thousands of Bosnians were killed, raped, or sent to concentration camps under Milosevic's planned genocide. In 1998, when ethnic Albanians revolted in Kosovo, Milosevic sent in his military. NATO, fearing another ethnic cleansing, launched two months of air strikes until Milosevic finally agreed to withdraw. In 2001, Milosevic was arrested and handed over to the UN, which who took him to The Hague to stand trial for crimes against humanity. He dies in February 2004 while his trial was still in progress.

Answer 22

Participation in global trade and communications networks. - Technological innovations occur because of both need and opportunity. Central to this idea is the development of a global trade and communications network so that countries can have access to new technologies and ideas from other parts of the world. For instance, the relative ease of communication that the Abbasid Empire had between the Mediterranean Sea ant the Indus Valley enabled it to have access to resources and technology transfers between those areas of the world. China benefited from having the Silk Road, which facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and new technologies. A country that was more isolated had to rely only on its own ideas for technology improvements and, in turn, faced an enormous disadvantage in keeping up with new developments.

Answer 23

They came together as one people with a common purpose. - Technically, the war wasn't fought by the Greeks in the classical sense. It was fought by the Mycenaeans. Nevertheless, the Greeks saw the Trojan War as the first moment in history when they came together as one people with a common purpose.

Answer 24

Rome was ruled by a succession of emperors. - About 500 BCE, the Roman Republic was established, with two annually elected consuls at its head, guided by a senate. The republic eventually weakened, and Rome passed to rule by one man - first Julius Caesar, who was assassinated in 44BCE, then Augustus, who assumed the title of emperor. Over the next few centuries, a succession of emperors followed.

Answer 25

who would be best to lead the Muslim community after the death of the Prophet. - The Prophet Muhammad did not select anyone to be his successor. As a result, after his death, there were disagreements between those who wanted a member of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of the Prophet, to rule and those who wanted the ruler to be elected by their peers. A group that supported Muhammad's son-in-law and nephew, Ali, to be the saliph (successor), was known as the Party of Ali, or the Shi's Ali, known as the Shi'ites. This group claimed that God (Allah) had given Ali and his descendants divine knowledge. The Sunnis, "followers of the way of the Prophet," while holding Ali in high esteem, do not believe that he and his hereditary line are the chosen successors, and that the leaders of the Muslim community should be chosen by tradition and from a broad base of the people.

Answer 26

Totalitarian - There are political, social, and economic characteristics of totalitarian governments. Politically the state is considered more important than the individuals, a single political party controls the government, and a powerful dictator united the people and symbolizes the government. Socially the government controls all aspects of daily life, denying citizens basic rights and liberties and using secret police to enforce government policies through terror and violence. Economically, the government controls business and directs the national economy and used labor and business to fulfill the objectives of the state. Mussolini, Stalin, and Hitler all had totalitarian governments.

Answer 27

The members of the national community were bound together by a common history, language, and culture. - Typically the ideology of nationalism implies that there will be boundaries that create the political state. While religion does sometimes play a role in nationalist movements, it does not have to. Nationalism attempts to bind together diverse groups of people sharing a common history, language, and culture.

Answer 28

The Spanish-American War and the acquisition of the Philippines. - At the turn of the 20th century, the United States began to emerge as a world power with expansionist goals. The Spanish-American War and the acquisition of the Philippines launched the beginning of its move away from its earlier isolationist policies.

Answer 29

The British East India Company - After the Battle of Buxar, the British East India Company became the divan of Bengal and assumed responsibility for tax collecting, administering justice, and providing security. The British government became increasingly concerned that its limited liability company was now acting as a government.

Answer 30

1. They inherited less than sons or brothers; 2. They had few rights in the legal sphere; 3. They were legally considered property of their husbands. - Muslim women did NOT have the right to divorce.

Answer 31

Ceremonial Centers - The cities the Mayans built were ceremonial centers. A priestly class lived in the cities, but for the most part the Maya population lived in small farming villages. The priestly class would carry out daily religious duties, particularly sacrifices, and the peasants would periodically gather for religious ceremonies or festivals.

Answer 32

1. TheSilk Road was not a trade route that existed solely for the purpose of trading in silk; many other commodities were also traded; 2. The movement of people along the Silk Road correlates with the movement of religion and development of languages; 3. Gold and ivory and even exotic animals were traded on the Silk Road. 4. The Silk Road did not follow a single route. Crossing Central Asia, it branched off in several directions, passing through different oasis settlements.

Answer 33

An increase in polygamy and multiple marriages. - The Atlantic slave trade preferred men who could work under difficult labor conditions. Women who were left behind had a difficult time, as there were a disproportionate number of women. As a result, the numbers reinforced ideas of polygamy and multiple marriages. African societies were, quite often, already matrilineal societies.

Answer 34

The Arab-Israeli War of 1973 - As a result of the Arab-Israeli War of 1973, the cartel ordered an embargo on oil shipments to Israel's ally, the United States. As a result, the US suffered an oil crisis and the cost od petroleum triggered a global economic downturn. OPEC demonstrated that it could control the developed world by changing the price of oil at will.

Answer 35

1. The revival of learning based on classical sources; 2. The development of perspective in painting; 3. Advancements in science. - The Renaissance saw the rise of courtly and papal patronage, and encompassed the revival of learning based on sources, the development of perspective in painting, and advancements in science.

Answer 36

New public health measures led to a healthier population with a longer life span. - As more women became involved in the workplace and as public discussions for reform turned to birth control, fertility began to decline. Similarly, advances in health care and living conditions resulted in decreased mortality which ultimately led to long-term demographic stability.

Answer 37

An emphasis on warfare. - An emphasis on warfare stands out as the predominate trait f the Spartan city-state.

Answer 38

It stranded the Persian army in Greece without naval support. - The conflict between the Persians and the Greeks resulted in two separate invasions. During the second invasion, about 10 years after the first, the Persian ruler, Xerxes, sent hundreds of thousands of soldiers and sailors to Greece to avenge his father's unexpected defeat at the Battle of Marathon. Athens and Sparta, two rival city-states, merged together to try and fend off the Persians. After trying to slow the Persians down through a heroic stand off of only 300 Spartans against the Persians at Thermopylae, the Greeks tried to avenge their defeat and prevent the Persians from getting their supplies after they had ransacked Athens. The Greeks lured Persian ships into the narrow Strait of Salamis near Athens. In what came to be known as the Battle of Salamis, the Persians could not maneuver their huge ships in the strait. Greek warships took advantage of this and sank about 300 Persian vessels, demoralizing what was left of the Persian navy.

Answer 39

European nations became dependent on the trade and resources of their New World colonies. - Trade was the key motivator for European colonialism. European ships traveled around the world in search of new trading routes and partners to feed burgeoning capitalism in Europe.

Answer 40

1. Diseases like smallpox killed millions of Native Americans; 2. The introduction of beasts of burden, like horses, provided Americans with a new source of labor and transportation; 3. Nutritional benefits to the population helped people live longer - There were both positive and negative effects of the Columbian Exchange. Europeans brought lands, food, and animals to the Americas. In return, the Europeans brought back corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and other food that both changed the European cuisine and better enabled European nutritional needs to be met. These and other foods traveled to Asia and Africa, no doubt contributing to a great worldwide population growth. On the negative side, Europeans brought diseases, such as smallpox, to the Americas that killed millions of Native Americans. In return, Europeans brought syphilis back to their lands. Antibiotics were not introduced until much later.

Answer 41

Kashmir - Irredentism (Italian for "unredeemed") is an attempt by existing states to annex territories of another state. The Kurd, Basque, and Roma conflicts are from stateless entities and are NOT an example of irredentism.

Answer 42

The Declaration of Independence and The Constitution. - Both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution outline the freedom on which the United States was founded. While Hong Kong's "de facto" constitution, known as the Basic Law, enshrines freedom of speech, assembly, and religion, the hitch is that Hong King answers to Beijing, which has chipped away at those freedoms.

Answer 43

1. Structure of government; 2. Political institutions; 3. Politics - Political science studies and analyzes the structure of government and other political institutions, and politics in general.

Answer 44

Fundamental individual rights given to all citizens by law. - The critical word is "civil", which refers to the law. Human rights include civil liberties, but the term implies other rights not yet recognized by law. Natural rights derive from natural law, not civil law.

Answer 45

A mark-up session. - Getting a bill through Congress is a complicated process. Before a bill can be called for a vote, several things must happen. A mark-up session would occur first in the Congressional law-making process, usually at the subcommittee level. A final committee decision on a bill would occur next. Both logrolling and pork would occur during full floor debate, or the second reading of the bill. A conference committee session would occur after a final vote had been taken in each house and the bill had passed each, but in different versions.

Answer 46

To maintain parity of power between the branches of government. - The 3 branches of government created a system of checks and balances that would prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful, thus protecting the people from an oppressive government.

Answer 47

A conference committee is called between the houses to fashion a single compromise bill. - Typically, the House and Senate will pass different versions of a bill on similar subject matter. When this happens, a Conference (orJoint) Committee is formed. This involved key members from affected committees and constituencies from both the House and the Senate to work out a single compromise version of the bill. After the compromise version is completed, it goes back to both the House and Senate for a vote.

Answer 48

A bicameral legislature. - Our federal system of government includes a bicameral legislature - the Senate and the House of Representatives - established in Article 1 of the Constitution.

Answer 49

1. Senate members were originally chosen by the state legislatures; 2. The House was granted some exclusive powers such as the power to initiate revenue bills and impeach officials; 3. The Constitution provides that the approval of both Houses is necessary for the passage of legislation. - it is NOT TRUE that both the House and Senate must confirm the Supreme Court nominees.

Answer 50

Accept a case for judicial review. - In the United States Supreme Court, 4 of the 9 justices must agree to accept a case, or issue a Writ of Certiorari. The only time that case precedent is overturned is via court rulings, which would generally call for a vote of 5 justices. The court itself does not confirm or deny chief justice appointees; rather the US Senate does. Oral arguments are set at 30 minutes per side in any given case by informal amendment. Only Congress could change the numerical size of the Court from its current 9, which is unlikely to happen.

Answer 51

These documents are legally respected through the US, according to Article IV of the Constitution.

Answer 52

1. Slavery; 2. Power of the President; 3. Large v. Small States - While the framers of the Constitution grappled with the issues of slavery, presidential power, and the role of large v. small states, among others, they all agreed that the new nation needed a system of checks and balances to check the innate selfishness of human nature.

Answer 53

Life - Federal judges are appointed for life by the president.

Answer 54

Maintaining order to escape the violent chaos of nature. - Hobbes believed that if society were left to its natural state, people would act violently because they would be inclined to try to prevent their own deaths and try to gain the power that they inherently crave. Hobbes argues in "The Leviathan" that people had drawn up a social contract among themselves to give up power to someone who could protect them. So, he believed society was all too willing to give up liberty in return for security and community. For Hobbes, the social contract justified the need for an absolute ruler who would take care of the people.

Answer 55

Time and restrictions may regulate such assembly. - Even though the First Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees the right to freedom of speech, there are limitations. Issues such as potential traffic problems, state of national emergency, permission to be on private property, etc., may indeed limit expression that would otherwise be protected by the First Amendment.

Answer 56

Political parties are not mentioned in the Constitution. - The Constitution does not mention political parties. in fact, "factions" with "jealousies and false alarms" were feared to cause damage to the country. Political parties were thought of as searching for profit not providing for the common good.

Answer 57

1. Ensuring public safety; 2. Administering and certifying elections; 3. Recording birth and death certificates.

Answer 58

A local government is chartered according to its state's constitution. - A local government is chartered according to its state's constitution. Just as the policies enacted by the state government must not conflict with federal law, a local government is subject to the legal environment created by the state's constitution and statutes.

Answer 59

1. Over 35 years old; 2. Natural-born US citizen; 3. US resident for at least 14 years. - Military service is not a requirement, although many residents and presidential candidates have served in the US military.

Answer 60

Nation-states are the basic governmental unit and there is no authority above individual nations. - Realism has been one of the dominate forces guiding international relations theory and influencing foreign policy, especially since the end of WWII. Realism is an international theory that holds that nation-states are the basic governmental unit and there is no authority above individual nations.

Answer 61

Democracy. - Government by the many is what we have in the US: a constitutional democracy.

Answer 62

Despotism. - Another related term for "autocracy", more commonly used in the past, is "despotism", or rule by a despot.

Answer 63

The United Nations. - US President Franklin D. Roosevelt coined the term "United Nations" in 1942 as he described the 26 nations that pledged their resources to fight the Axis Powers. The United Nations, as an organization, came into existence in October 1945 and is a multi-purpose intergovernmental organization tackling international issues and problems. The UN promotes in a variety of social, cultural, economical, health, and humanitarian activities.

Answer 64

The First Amendment. - Most people remember Article 1 of the Bill of Rights as the "free speech" article. It states: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right go the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

Answer 65

Limit the period for which the president may deploy troops abroad in hostile situations. - The War of Power Resolutions stipulated that the president can deploy troops abroad in situations where hostilities are imminent for only 60 days, unless Congress approves a longer deployment, declares war, or cannot meet because the nation is under attack. The War of Powers does NOT authorize congress to prevent the initial deployment of troops abroad by the president. The Constitution gives Congress the power to declare war. The usual procedure begins with a request from the president for a declaration of war, which is then adopted by the Congress by joint resolution and signed by the president. The War of Powers did nothing to change this procedure. The War of Powers has nothing to do with extradition of foreign ambassadors.

Answer 66

A Republic. - The United States is a republic. The modern democratic state is usually a republic, in which the people do not take a direct role in legislating or governing, but left representatives to express their views and wants. A democratic government exists when these representatives are freely chosen by the people, whose demands are then recognized by the duty elected government.

Answer 67

1. Unnecessary details are left out; 2. Includes an awareness that the destinations or objects exist; 3. May include reference points. - Mental maps are used whenever individuals think about a place or how to get to a place. They are highly personal and idiosyncratic and usually contain both objective knowledge ad subjective projections.

Answer 68

1. Cutting off forests has resulted in erosion and flooding. 2. Untreated sewage and runoffs lead to water pollution. 3. Nuclear plant waste leading to thermal pollution. 4. Farming has exposed soil to the weather, promoting erosion and the loss of topsoil. - Human influence on the ecosystem has been tremendous. Humans have significantly altered the process like soil generation, the water cycle, waste removal, energy, and nutrient recycling.

Answer 69

Coal. - Non-renewable resources are those which are found in fixed amounts and usually are found in the ground. They are not living things, they don't re-grow, and are not renewed quickly, if at all. Non-renewable resources take longer than a person's lifetime to be replaced. Examples of non-renewable resources are fossil fuels, like natural gas, coal, oil, and minerals.

Answer 70

1. Herbicide Resistance; 2. Insect Resistance; 3. Increases in productivity. - Proponents of genetically modified foods herald the arrival of these improvements because the herbicide - and insect-resistant crops have helped productivity and driven down the cost of producing food. Opponents to genetically modified crops suggest that these developments do more to especially help the big corporate farmers than consumers and are wary of the long-term effects these genetically modified foods may have on society.

Answer 71

Buyers who can pay the highest rent will be able to buy the land that generates the highest return. - There tend to be some spatial patterns that result from economic activities. We can look at urban land use to make some generalizations. When a type of land use generates more rent than others, and when lan uses compete for a location, the land use that creates the highest return usually will be the one that determines who can occupy the land, as a seller sells land to the people who can produce the highest bid.

Answer 72

Push Factors. - Push and pull factors often explain reasons why people migrate. A "push factor" is when migrants feel they are being pushed out of an area because they perceive it to be a place that is detrimental for them to remain. A "pull factor" is a factor that attracts migrants to come to a new area.

Answer 73

Mercator - Of the several different types of map projections, the Mercator projection, while drastically distorting the dimensions of higher-latitude landmasses, accurately displays direction everywhere on the map, making it particularly useful to navigators on sea vessels.

Answer 74

Space-time compression. - As the world has become more global, geographers uses sever terms to explain the global processes that are taking place in the modern world. Space-time compression refers to the increasing sense of accessibility and connectivity in the global world.

Answer 75

1. The elements of the highly integrated global economy; 2. The ancient tradition of buying and selling across great distances; 3. How regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of political ideas through communication, transportation, and trade. - The Internet is not part of the definition of globalization, but rather a product of globalization. "Globalization" refers to the increasing interconnection of more and more people and places across the world through social, cultural, political, economic, and environmental processes that have become more international in scale and effect. It is not a new process, as we have had long-distance trade and exchange for thousands of years.

Answer 76

Sell its own currency, - If a country sells its own currency, this would increase supply and keep the price down.

Answer 77

1. What to produce?; 2. For whom to produce?; 3. How to produce?

Answer 78

The opportunity cost.

Answer 79

Market Forces. - In a market economy, in which everyone is free to make choices about what they purchase, market forces dictate the allocation of resources.

Answer 80

China. - The economics of Germany, France, and Australia are much like that of the United States. In contrast, China has planned much of its economy, and the leaders of the communist party in China direct economy policy.

Answer 81

Free Goods. - Free goods are the goods that are no scarce. Since people are able to use the free goods, the goods are not worthless. Free goods are not priceless, however, due to their abundance. Scarcity drives up prices.

Answer 82

1. Oil; 2. Coal; 3. Clean Water. - Scarcity is based on the idea that a limited supply of goods or services comes up against an ever-increasing demand for that supply and that, as a result, every effort must be made to ensure its proper utilization and distribution so as to avoid inefficiency. Most goods and services can be defined as scarce since individuals desire more of them than they already possess (scarcity is maintained by demand).

Answer 83

Demand. - Scarcity is a by-product of demand - the more demand, the less there is of a resource.

Answer 84

Land, Labor, Capital, and Entrepreneurship.

Answer 85

A planned economy. - Government intervention such as establishing quotas, collecting license fees, ad providing subsidies is a sign of a planned economy. Taxes, however, are not normally considered a part of government intervention.

Answer 86

National Level. - Macroeconomics studies the elements of economics on the national level. Macroeconomics is possibly the largest field in economics and includes output, consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports.

Answer 87

Business Level. - Microeconomics is the study of the economic behavior of small economic groups such as firms and families.

Answer 88

An automobile factory. - The automotive industry has the highest barrie to entry. School age children can start a lemonade stand so that business has the lowest barrier to entry. Starting a sporting goods shop or a farm may, in some areas, have a relatively high barrier to entry, but it is possible for someone to start either business without too much difficulty.

Answer 89

Total goods and services. - GNP is the gross national product and is defined as the total goods and services produced by the nation in a given year.

Answer 90

A theoretical extreme. - Perfect competition exists in theory. A planned economy's primary component is the control involved in the planning, not competition. An oligopoly is a market form in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of sellers.

Answer 91

The firm is equal to an industry. - In a monopoly, one firm controls an entire industry, so the firm is the industry. Consumers are at the mercy of the monopoly and there is n competition because there are not multiple sellers.

Answer 92

The film industry. - In a market structure in which several or many sellers each produce similar, but slightly differentiated products, monopolistic competition is a very common market form. Each producer can set its priced quantity without affecting the marketplace as a whole.

Answer 93

The "trickle-down" theory.

Answer 94

The interrelationships between social science disciplines. - Immigration is one of those social issues that can be analyzed using geography, anthropology, or a combination of social studies disciplines.

Answer 95

Participant observation. - Participant observation involves a researcher interacting with and observing the personal lives of the research subjects. Strategic engagement is not a method used in social research. Experimentation involves a researcher manipulating an experimental stimulus, usually in a laboratory setting. Content analysis involves the study of communication products such as books, letters, advertising, or television programs.

Answer 96

The study of how individuals became members of and move between groups, and how being in different groups affects individuals and the groups in which they participate.

Answer 97

Before the experimental manipulation, the two groups of participants are equivalent with respect to the defendant variable. - Psychological studies require that one party be completely random so that the study can evaluate the variables that are being studied. Random assignment is an experimental method, which means that each participant has an equal chance of being placed into either the experimental or control group. It is required in order to determine if there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables, and helps to eliminate confounding variables.

Answer 98

The systematic description of a human society. - Ethnography is the systematic description of a human society, usually based on first-hand fieldwork. All generalizations about human behavior are based on the descriptive evidence of ethnography.

Answer 99

Classical conditioning. - One of the early pioneers in psychology, Ivan P. Pavlov discovered the phenomenon of classical conditioning and was the first to investigate it systematically.

Answer 100

Jean Piaget. - Jean Piaget's stage theory of development continues to influence teaching methodology.

Answer 101

The independent variable. - Psychological experiments test cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating the presumed cause (the independent variable) and measuring the effects in terms of differences in behavior (the dependent variable) access the experimental and control groups.

Answer 102

The process of learning one's culture and how to live within it.

Answer 103

Ethnology. - Ethnology is a branch of anthropology that analyzes and studies the similarities and differences among cultures.

Answer 104

Quantitative Research. - Social psychologists are devoted quantitive, or empirical, research, which provides numerical data that can be analyzed and compared. On the other hand, qualitative research provides verbal (word-based) rather than numerical data. Social psychology is NOT associated with talk or groups therapy. Its focus is research.

Answer 105

Before 7 years of age. - In general, humans do not have the life experience, cognitive, verbal, and motor skills required to complete an IQ test before the age of 7. Few people question the reliability of IQ tests. The validity of these tests has, however, been questioned.

Answer 106

The process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory information. - In psychology and the cognitive sciences, perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory information. It is a task far more complex than was imagined in the 1950s and 1960s, when it was proclaimed that building perceiving machines would take about a decade, but, needless to say, that is still very far from reality.

Answer 107

1. Race 2. Culture 3. Ethnicity - Class is not generally included when discussing multicultural diversity. The term multicultural diversity refers to the state of racial, cultural, and ethnic diversity within the demographics of a specified place, usually at the scale of an organization such as a school, business, neighborhood, city, or nation.

Answer 108

Blacks from voting.

Answer 109

Poland - American-Soviet conflict centered on the postwar fate of Eastern Europe. Stalin concerned about retaining control over Poland, he asked the US and Great Britain to allow him to keep the territory he gained in 1939. The Americans, bolstered by a tremendous lobby of Polish-Americans, were reluctant to do so. The fate of Germany had already been decided, and while the Balkans would become an issue, it was not the first issue.

Answer 110

Sadda Hussein had weapons of mass destruction. - George W. Bush's government asserted that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction. The claim over who knew what and where remains controversial as some allege that the evidence to go to war was manufactured, altered, or exaggerated to support Bush's desire to get back at Hussein for a failed attempt at his father's life. In 2003, the White House admitted that the claim of the presence of weapons of mass destruction had been based on faulty intelligence.

Answer 111

Husyan, the Prophet Muhammad's grandson. - The second Civil War among the Muslim community started after the death f Calip Mu'awiya. Many thought that Mu'awiya's son and successor, Yazid was not a good Muslim, and so a rebellion, launched by Husayn, Muhammad's grandson, gained fervor. In 680, Yazid's army and Husayn's small group of supporters met at Karbala, Iraq. Yazid's forces decapatated Husyan ad slaughtered most of his forces. The only male survivor was Husayn's child Ali. The Battle at Karbala was known as the martyrdom of Husyan.

Answer 112

A Republic. - While we often talk about the US as a democracy, it is, in fact, a republic. A democracy in the classic sense of the word is government by the people, which would be a "direct democracy". An absolute monarch is a form of government ruled by a king or queen, or an emperor who holds all power. Totalitarianism is government by a small group of leaders governing under a particular ideology. Such a regime does not tolerate any deviation from its states ideology. Regime opponents are persecuted, tortured, and detained in concentration camps, and members of ethnic minorities are killed n mass executions (genocide). Historic examples of totalitarian regimes include Nationalism Socialism (Germany under Hitler, 193301945) and Stalinism. Most modern nation-states are republics where representatives are elected by the public to a governing body, and one where the people let a head-of-state. A republic also assumes that an independent judiciary balances the governing body and head-of-state.

Answer 113

The forces migration of the Cherokee tribe from the southern Appalachians to what is not Oklahoma. - The term "Trail of Tears" is used to describe the forced relocation of the Cherokee tribe from the southern Appalachians to what is now Oklahoma. The migrant of Mormons fro Nauvoo, Illinois, to the Great Salt Lake in utah, and the westward movements along the Oregon Trail and, much earlier, the Wilderness Road all took place and could at times be as unpleasant as the Cherokee's track. They were voluntary, however, compared to the Cherokee migration, and therefore did not earn such title as the "Trail of Tears".

Answer 114

Between the start of California gold rush in 1849-1882. - A relatively large number of Chinese immigrated to the US between 1849 - 1882, when federal law stopped their immigration.

Answer 115

1. Selective restrictions were placed in immigration; 2. The United Sates and its people turned inward; 3. The United States became a modern middle class economy. - Rather than quotas being abolished after WWI, they were more selectively applied, depending on the country of origin. Once the postwar immigration restrictions of the 1920s took effect, the overall total of immigrants to the United States was fixed at approximately 160,000 immigrants a year. The quotas for immigrants from northern and western Europe were set higher to accommodate greater demand; the quotas for immigrants from souther and eastern Europe were very small. In the aftermath of WWI, the US tried to pretend that the rest of the world did not exist. Its people turned inward, and they found that they had plenty to do. In the 1920s, the US became a modern middle-class economy powered by radios, consumer appliances, automobiles, and suburbs.

Answer 116

Prohibition created major mob activity in the United States. - The 18th Amendment made these of alcohol illegal, which led to a burgeoning bootlegging industry in which the Mafia played a major role. The amendment was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933.

Answer 117

It prohibited discrimination for reason of color, race, religion, or national origin in places of public accommodation covered by interstate commerce. - The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination for reason of color, race, religion, or national origin in places of public accommodations covered by interstate commerce, that is, restaurants, hotels, motels, and theaters. Besides dealing with the desegregation of public schools, the act, in Title VII, forbade discrimination in employment. Title VII also prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex. In 1965, the Voting Rights Act was passed, placing federal observers at polls to ensure equal voting rights. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 dealt with housing and real estate discrimination.

Answer 118

In 1963, King received The Nobel Peace Prize. - In 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize. Nevertheless, not all African Americans united behind him. Radical African Americans believed King's emphasis on civil disobedience was not the most effective or expedient means of gaining civil rights. Furthermore, as the Black Power movement became stronger and as Malcom X's message of black nationalism became more accepted by northern urban blacks, King became an increasingly controversial figure. King was co-pastor with his father at Ebenezer Baptist Church, located in Atlanta, GA. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968,while standing on the balcony of a motel. He was 39 years old. A few months later, on June 18, 1968, James Earl Ray was arrested in London, England, and charged with the crime; he pled guilty and was sentenced to 99 years in prison.

Answer 119

The amendment established age 18 as the legal voting age throughout the United States. - The 26th Amendment was proposed by Congress on March 23, 1971, upon passage by the House of Representatives, the Senate having previously passed an identical resolution on March 10, 1971. It states: Section 1 - The rights of citizens of the United States, who are 18 years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age. Section 2 - The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Answer 120

The national committees of each party. - The National Democratic Committee and the National Republican Committee decide how their respective parties will conduct primaries. Each party has its own rules.

Answer 121

An increased emphasis on speed rather than quality of work. - There were many major changes resulting from the rapid industrial development in the United States from 1880-1900. The most significant, however, was the attention to speed. First, there was a shift to building larger and larger industrial facilities to accommodate the new machine technologies coming into existence. Small factories could not absorb the cost of much of the machinery and did not produce enough to make the machinery profitable. So there was an increase in large industrial plants and a relative decline in small factories.

Answer 122

They were important allies and helped the French hunt animals. - Unlike the Spanish and the Portuguese colonists, the French did not enslave the Native Americans. Instead they were trading partners, with Native Americans being their main source of Furs.

Answer 123

1. It was a major incident during the Cold War; 2. The Crisis began in 1961; 3. Russians refer to the event as the "Carribbean Crisis"; 4. It would have led to war. - The crisis is generally regarded as the moment when the Cold War came closest to escalating into a nuclear war.

Answer 124

In the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco for the "summer of love". - Tens of thousands of young people poured into the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco, they heart of America's psychedelic culture, for the "summer of love" when hippie culture flourished. It was a summer of drugs, music, sexual freedom, creative expression, and politics.

Answer 125

The programs created a dependency among America's poor. - Conservatives frowned at the tremendous number of programs that President Johnson's Great Soviets sought to undertake in Johnson's "War on Poverty." Conservatives argued that the programs created a dependency among America's poor.

Answer 126

Limit European influence in the Western Hemisphere. - Expressed during President Monroe's 7th address to Congress in 1823, the Monroe Doctrine was the United States' way of preventing European countries from encroaching on the "backyard." Monroe stated, "...that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintained, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers..." This policy was the basis for the United States taking the strong stance agains the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis on 1961.

Answer 127

To argue that the time had one to sever colonial ties with England. - "Common Sense," published in January 1776, argued that the time had come to sever colonial ties with England and that it was instrumental in convincing many colonists that the time had come for independence.

Answer 128

The boundaries established by the Qin and maintained by the Han have more or less defined the nation of China up to the present day. - The Han Dynasty, under whose rule China was reunited, is divided into 2 major periods: the Western or Former Han (206BCE-9CE) and the Eastern or Later Han (25-220BCE). The boundaries established by the Qin and maintained by the Han have more or less defined the nation of China up to the present day. The Western Han capital, Chang'an, in present-day Shaanxi Province, was a monumental urban center laid out on a north-south axis with palaces, residential wards, and two bustling market areas. It was one of the two largest cities in the ancient world (Rome was the other). Poetry, literature, and philosophy flourished during the reign of Emperor Wudi (141-86BCE). The monumental Shiji written by Sima Qin (145-80BCE) set the standard for later government-sponsored histories. Among many other things, it recorded information about the various peoples, invariability described as "barbarian," who lived on the empire's borders. Wudi also established Confucianism as the basis for correct official and individual conduct and for the educational curriculum. The reliance of the bureaucracy on members of a highly educated class grounded in Confucian writings and other classics defined China's statecraft for many centuries.

Answer 129

John Rawls. - John Rawles believed that the "veil of ignorance" is a better way to determine the morality of an issue like slavery based upon the principle that if societal roles were completely refashioned and redistributed, and viewed only from behind the "veil of ignorance" where one would not know what role they would be reassigned, only then could valid decisions about the morality of an issue be rendered. If we were to take this idea and apply it to slavery, Rawls would argue that if white southerners had not known whether or not they themselves would be enslaved, then perhaps they would have perceived the nature of slavery differently.

Answer 130

1. The United States 2. China 3. France 4. The Russian Federation 5. The United Kingdom

Answer 131

Otto von Bismarck. - The most famous German politician associated with "realpolitik" was Otto von Bismarck. "Realpolitik" refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily on power and on reality, or rather practical and material factors and considerations, rather than ideological notions or moralistic or ethical premises. Bismarck used this idea to achieve Prussian dominance in Germany by demonstrating a pragmatic view of the real world and doing whatever it took to achieve his diplomatic ends.

Answer 132

The Treaty of Versailles. - When judging the terms of the peace treaties, in particular the Treaty of Versailles, it is important to keep in mind the atmosphere in Europe and the attitude toward Germany in the period just after WWI. Obviously anti-German feeling was strong in 1919. President Woodrow Wilson wanted to secure a peace based on his 14 points. He wanted a peace that would be based on justice, that would have liberal principles at its core, and that would be maintained by a new international organization (The League of Nations). Wilson did agree that Germany needed to be punished for starting the war, but he wanted the punishment to be fair. Europe took the punishment to the extreme, setting up the next conflict.

Answer 133

Led to the creation of the euro and the structure of the European Economic Union. - The signing of the Treaty of Maastricht took place in Maastricht, Netherlands, on February 7, 1992. This treaty resulted from European interest in uniting after the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and German reunification. It also advanced the agenda of the Single European Act (SEA) of 1986 that furthered the idea of the European Political Union by widening EU responsibilities and deepened the integration of European countries through the creation of supranational and intergovernmental structures.

Answer 134

Jews. - The first monarchs of a united Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella, achieved that unity by gaining control of the remaining Muslim sections of southern Spain. In an effort to promote cultural unity and establish a national identity, they defined Spanish nationalism in terms of their understanding of orthodox Catholicism. Those not fitting their definition of orthodoxy were condemned as disloyal or subversive. Two particular groups, -Jews, and Muslims who had converted to Christianity but retained Muslim customs or dress- were forced to exile by Spanish authorities.

Answer 135

1. To remain a part of Britain; 2. To compose a statement of colonial rights; 3. To provide a plan that would convince Britain to restore certain rights. - Members of the First Continental Congress sought a peaceful resolution to their differences with Britain. They wanted to establish their rights and have them recognized by the government in England. Military conflict was not on their minds at this time.

Answer 136

Malcolm X. - Malcolm X advocated more confrontational and potentially violent means for achieving civil rights than did leaders like Martin Luther King, Jr., Rosa Parks, and James Meredith, who promoted Gandhi's example of civil disobedience as a method for change.

Answer 137

At the end of the Spanish-American War. - At the end of the Spanish-American War, the United States acquired the Philippines, and after suggesting an independence movement, it began modernizing the islands, especially in terms of public health measures to stop epidemics that killed hundreds of thousands.

Answer 138

1. the United States 2. Britain 3. China - On July 26, 1945, the United States, Britain, and China released the Potsdam Declaration, announcing the terms for Japan's surrender, with the warning, "We will not deviate from them. There are no alternatives. We shall brook no delay."

Answer 139

Emphasized a return to the original sources of Christianity. - Renaissance Humanism was a threat to the Church because it emphasized a return to the original sources of Christianity - the Bible and the writings of the Fathers of the Church. In that light, the humanists tended to ignore or denounce the proceedings of the Church councils and pontiffs during the Middle Ages. While many Renaissance Humanists denounced scholasticism, there was no inherent opposition to it an many retained support of the late Medieval philosophy. Renaissance humanism did not espouse atheism nor did it advance an amoral philosophy; it tended to advance a neo-Platonism through the writings of such individuals as Giovanni Pico della Mirandola and Marsiglio of Padua.

Answer 140

1. Members of the UN are members of the court, but they are not compelled to submit their disputed for consideration; 2. Nation-states are reluctant to submit vital questions to the Court; 3. Its decisions are not enforced; - The World Court is the judicial arm of the UN and represents a concerted effort to replace armed conflict with the rule of law. Unfortunately, it has proven to be an ineffective organ. Nation-states are reluctant to submit vital questions to the Court, and there is a lack of consensus as to the norms to be applied. Members of the UN are members of the Court, but they are not compelled to submit their disputes for consideration.

Answer 141

It declares that "just wars" are legal, but wars of aggression are not. - A "just war" is the notion that under certain conditions, the use of armed force is justified.

Answer 142

Commander-in-Chief. - As the leader of the United States, the President's powers include serving as Commander-in-Chief, negotiating treaties, appointing ambassadors, judges, and other high officials, granting pardons and reprieves, recommending legislation, an meeting wth representatives of foreign states.

Answer 143

1. Human society is built on an imperfect social contract; 2. People ceded power to a group, not an individual; 3. Hobbes' social contract idea needed to be radically revised. - Rousseau believed that all government is inherently flawed, as it created servitude and inequality. As such, he believed that the social contract needed to be revised, particularly if government failed to protect people, ensure equality, and freedom.

Answer 144

The New World was divided into four vice-royalties. - As part of the colonial administration, the Spanish Crown divided the New World into 4 vice-royalties, each with a viceroy and "audencia", a board of judges who served as a judicial body as well as an advisory council. Crown control over the colonies was direct and those who governed the colonies were responsible directly to the Spanish monarch. The Spanish believed that the colonies existed for the benefit of the Crown. In an effort to promote the mercantilist principle, the development of native industries was discouraged and the Crown eliminated the "quint", 1/5th of all precious metals mined in South America.

Answer 145

A rebellion launched by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, who wanted to expel all Westerners from their land. - An 1889-1890 anti-foreign uprising among militia units who called themselves the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists wanted to rid China of "foreign devils" and their influence. This secret society combined martial arts training, hatred of foreigners, and a belief that they were invulnerable to Western weapons. The foreign press referred to the rebels ad "Boxers". The Boxers killed foreigners, Chinese Christians, and any Chinese who had ties to foreigners. In June of 1890, 140,000 Boxers launched a siege on embassies in Beijing and held the foreigners hostage for 55 days. A combined armed force of 20,000 British, French, Russian, US, German, and Japanese troops crushed the movement, forced the Chinese to pay indemnities, and decreed that foreign powers could station troops in their embassies and along routes to the sea.

Answer 146

Civil Rights. - By the end of the 19th century, liberalism moved away from being just a concern of maintaining the interests of the privileged strata of society and toward a more democratic variety. Liberals during this period looked to government to minimize or correct the problems that accompanied industrialization. They took up issues of slavery, women's rights, universal suffrage, and workers' rights.

Answer 147

To coordinate cooperation and communication between various federal intelligence agencies.

Answer 148

1. The 8th Amendment prohibits the setting of excessive bail; 2. The 7th Amendment established the principle of trial-by-jury; 3. The 4th Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures.

Answer 149

A referendum. - A legislative issue decided by a popular vote is known as a referendum. An initiative is a petition-driven effort to get a legislature to consider a bill while a recall attempts to remove a locally elected official before their term has expired. An injunction is a court order to end a work stoppage and mediation involves a neutral third-party arbitrating a contract for a stalemated labor-management conflict.

Answer 150

Federal Funds. - Working with the states, the federal government creates laws and programs that are funded federally, but administered by the states. Education, social welfare, assisting housing and nutrition, homeland security, transportation, and emergency response are key areas in which states deliver services using federal funds; such services are thus subject to federal guidelines.

Answer 151

No Child Left Behind. - America's Promise Alliance was founded in 1997 with former Secretary of State Colin Powell as chairman. America's Promise Alliance is a cross-sector partnership of more than 300 corporations and nonprofits. No Child Left Behind, reauthorized in 2015 as the Every Student Succeeds Act, is federal legislation with substantial influence on the states' education programs. READ 180 and Phonics are methods for teaching reading.

Answer 152

1. Establishing state-sponsored colleges and universities; 2. Administering and certifying elections, including elections for federal officials; 3. Administering publicly funded health, housing, and nutrition programs for low-income and disabled residence.

Answer 153

Capitalism. - The characteristics of capitalism (private ownership and control of property and resources, free enterprise, competition among businesses, freedom of choice, the possibility of profits) provide for freedom of choice and individual incentive.

Answer 154

Gideon v. Wainwright - in 1963, the Supreme Court ruled in Gideon v. Wainwright

Answer 155

The federal government can threaten to withhold money for projects administered by the states unless states comply. - Working with the States, the federal government creates certain laws and programs that are funded federally, but administered by the states. In many cases, the states must also partially fund the programs to qualify for federal funds. Education social welfare, assisted housing and nutrition, homeland security, transportation, and emergency response are key areas where states deliver services using federal funds are subject to federal guidelines. This gives the federal government the power to influence the states. For example, in the 1970s the federal government wanted to lower highway speed limits to reduce energy consumption. Rather than simply legislate a lower speed limit, the federal government threatened to withhold money for road projects from states that did not themselves lower the speed limit in their states.

Answer 156

Assumes that all nations share similar goals and approach foreign policy issues in like fashion. - The unitary/rational actor model of foreign policy assumes that all nations share similar goals and approach foreign policy issues in like fashion. The actions players take, according to this theory, are influenced by the actions of other players rather than by what may be taking place internally. The rational component in this model is that it is assumed that actors will respond on the world stage by making the best choice after measures consideration of possible alternatives.

Answer 157

9. - The number of justices is determined by Congress rather than the Constitution, and since 1869, the Court has been composed of 1 chief justice and 8 associate justices.

Answer 158

The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). - The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is an example of a non-state actor that conducts its own foreign policy, purchases armaments, and has committed acts of terror that have affected the entire international community.

Answer 159

Voters must register with a party in advance of the election. - The primary is often favored by the parties for a number of reasons. First, voters must register with a party in advance of the election. This is favorable for the party because it generates a list of loyal partisans. Closed primaries also ensure that the voters in each party's primary truly support the party and do not mean to undermine its success. The chief criticism of the closed primary is that voters must openly declare partisanship. Consequently, not everyone is involved in the choice of candidates for the general election.

Answer 160

Education.

Answer 161

An idea that defines political justice, shapes political behavior, and directs people toward synthesis of their desires so that the two manage political power.

Answer 162

Casework. - The term "casework" is used by political scientists to describe the activities of members of Congress on behalf of individual constituents. These activities might include helping an elderly person secure Social Security benefits, or helping a veteran obtain medical services. Most casework is actually done by congressional staff and may take as much as a third of the staff's time. Members of congress supply this type of assistance for the good public relations it provides.

Answer 163

View both change and government with suspicion. - Conservative political ideologies are more inclined to view both government and change with suspicion. They usually emphasize individual initiative and local solutions to problems. Historically conservative political ideologies have argued for less governmental interference in private moral decisions.

Answer 164

The Office of Management and Budget. (76)

Answer 165

The Speaker of the House. - The succession after the vice president is Speaker of the House, president pro tempore of the Senate, secretary of state, and then Secretary of the Treasury.

Answer 166

1. It includes heads of the 15 executive departments; 2. Although not mentioned in the Constitution, the cabinet has been part of American government since the presidency of George Washington; 3. Presidents may appoint special advisers to the cabinet.

Answer 167

Maps should accumulate more information and become more complex. - As students get older their mental maps get refined over and over again and represent changing understandings of spatial knowledge as they gain more experience and knowledge, and form more subjective opinions about people and places.

Answer 168

The chosen, generally accepted variant of a language, while the official language is the legally declared language of a country to be used in all government interactions. - An official language is the designated language of a government for all government purposes, such as legislation and all records. The standard language is the generally accepted dialect in a language that has various forms. For example, the standard language in the United States of America is English, whereas in England, it is British Received Pronunciation.

Answer 169

A map of the world. - The smaller the map scale, the larger the area being represented on the map.

Answer 170

1. Humans adapt to the environment; 2. Humans modify the environment; 3. Humans depend on the environment.

Answer 171

It shows that growing populations and rising standards of living and the uses of technology all impact the environment. - I=PAT is the formula describing the impact of human activity on the environment - also written as I=PxAxT. In words it is the product of population (P) combined with affluence (A) (standard of living), and technology (T) that determines the human impact (I) on the environment.

Answer 172

Rain. - Ecosystems are rather fragile, as just one disruption to a component can have rippling effects elsewhere. Humans, in particular, have affected ecosystems increasingly as population and energy consumption have increased. Rain is part of the ecosystem.

Answer 173

Reducing starvation in less-developed countries. - The 20th century's Green Revolution was aimed at reducing hunger in less-developed countries by giving farmers in these regions greater access to the fertilizers and seeds they needed to increase their crop yields and improve their farming practices. It did not focus on commercial agriculture or improving profits for agribusinesses.

Answer 174

I=PAT stands for I (impact on the environment) is equal to P (population) multiplied by A (affluence or standard of living) multiplied by T (a technology factor). The IPAT equation reveals that both increasing populations with similar increases in standards of living produce a greater strain on an environment.

Answer 175

Is a political abstract, whereas a nation is a human group. - Terms describing political entities are often confusing. To help understand the differences, these explanations can be helpful. A state is essentially a country, which is a political term for a sovereign, bounded territory that has a government. A nation, on the other hand, is a group of people with a shared culture and history. A state can change its borders, and a nation can realign its identity, thus making new entities.

Answer 176

Nature of Land Use and Level of Spatial Accumulation. - Urban transportation aims at supporting transport demands generated by the diversity of urban activities in a diversity of urban contexts. A key for understanding entities thus lies in the analysis of patterns and processes of the transport / land use system. This system is highly complex and involves several relationships between the transport system, spatial interaction, and land use. Transport System - Considers the set of transport infrastructures and modes that are supporting urban movements of passengers and freight. It generally expresses the level of accessibility. Spatial Interaction - Consider the nature, extent, origins and destinations of the urban movements of passengers and freight. They take into consideration the attributes of the transport system as well as the land use factors that are generating and attracting movements. Land Use - Considers the level of spatial accumulation of activities ant their associated levels of mobility requirements. Land use is commonly linked with demographic and economic attributes.

Answer 177

Linked areas that are socially and economically tied to one another. - Channelized migration flows tend to be among areas that are socially and economically tied to one another by past migration patterns, economic trade considerations, or some other sort of affiliation. Examples of channelized migration patterns in the US might be from movements of blacks from south to north, retired people to Florida and Arizona, or European Jews to New York.

Answer 178

Agribusiness - Agribusiness is a merging of older, farm-centered crop economy with newer patterns of more integrated production and marketing systems. Depending on the audience, an agribusiness may have a positive or negative connotation. To some, it is a generic term for business involved in agriculture. To others, it refers to the idea of corporate farming and contrasted with small, family-run businesses.

Answer 179

Political Ecology. - Human Geography deals with multiple characteristics. Political ecology is the arm of geography that analyzes political structures and their relationship to natural resources and habitats.

Answer 180

50 Million - Approximately 50 million Europeans migrated to the Western Hemisphere in the 19th century, which changed the demographics of the Americas. Some fled the squalid and dangerous factories in Europe, others fled famine, and some left because of persecution. Many of those migrants who came to the US settled in new industrial centers in Cleveland, New York, and Pittsburgh and contributed to the ability of the US to rapidly industrialize.

Answer 181

The interest rate a Federal Reserve bank charges eligible financial institutions to borrow funds on a short-term basis. - The discount rate is an element of federal monetary policy. This rate affects the cost of money to banks and, subsequently, the cost to borrow by consumers.

Answer 182

1. GDP is usually calculated on a 3 year average; 2. GDP excludes all public consumption and government outlays; 3. GDP does not include investments or exports minus imports. - The gross domestic product (GDP) is the monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period, though GDP is usually calculated on an annual basis. It includes all of private and public consumption, government outlays, investments, and exports, less imports, that occur within a defined territory.

Answer 183

Among the four classes of production factors.

Answer 184

The existence of price differentials among nations. - The existence of price differentials among nations in the primary reason for trade according to international trade theory.

Answer 185

VAT - An indirect tax is a tax collected by an intermediary from the person who bears the economic burden of the tax. VAT is one example.

Answer 186

Gross Domestic Product. - A country's gross domestic product (GDP) shows the total of all goods and services counted within a country's domestic borders over the course of a year. Usually, the (GDP) is a helpful measure of a country's overall economic strength.

Answer 187

Market - A market economy relies largely upon forces to allocate resources and goods, and to determine prices and quantities of each good that will be produced. Capitalist economies are market economics, while managed economies are less so.

Answer 188

1. Labor; 2. Capital; 3. Land; 4. Entrepreneurship.

Answer 189

1. Inflation; 2. Unemployment; 3. Economic Growth. - Macroeconomic issues deal with economic issues on a national or international scale, not on an individual scale.

Answer 190

Comparative Advantage.

Answer 191

The trading desk of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. - The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) sets the Federal Reserve's monetary policy, which is carried out through the trading desk of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. If the FOMC decides that more money and credit should be available, it directs the trading desk in New York to buy securities from the open market.

Answer 192

The board of directors of the Federal Reserve Banks. - The "discount rate" is the interest rate a Federal Reserve Bank charges eligible financial institutions to borrow funds on a short-term basis. Unlike open market operations, which interact with financial market forces to influence short-term interest rates, the discount rate is set by the board of directors of the Federal Reserve banks, and it is subject to approval by the Board of Governors. Under some circumstances, changes in the discount rate can affect other open market interest rates in the economy. Changes in the discount rate also can have an announcement effect, causing financial markets to respond to a potential change in the direction of monetary policy. A higher discount rate can indicate a more restrictive policy, while a lower rate may be used to signal a more expansive policy.

Answer 193

To process check and electronic payments. - Depository institutions use their reserve accounts at Federal Reserve banks not only to satisfy reserve requirements, but also to process many financial transactions through the Federal Reserve, such as checks and electronic payments and currency and coin services.

Answer 194

The Federal Trade Commission. - The Federal Trade Commission deals with issues that touch the economic life of every American. It is the only federal agency with both consumer protection and competition jurisdiction in broad sectors of the economy.

Answer 195

The exchange rate should adjust to equate the supply and demand of the currency.

Answer 196

The values of assets owned minus the value of liabilities owed at a point in time. - To determine your wealth, you must consider both your assets and you liabilities.

Answer 197

A general rise in prices measured against a standard level of purchasing power.

Answer 198

The marginal rate of tax decreases as income increases.

Answer 199

1. Class Structure; 2. Race; 3. Gender. - Sociology is the study of society and human social interactions.

Answer 200

Violating the Basic Norms. - Deviance refers to those behaviors that a group stigmatizes because they are seen as violating basic norms. Rape, child abuse, and incest are examples of behaviors which are seen as deviant by many groups in the United States. Acts that are rare or unusual are not considered deviant if they involve praiseworthy or offensive behaviors.

Answer 201

1. Death; 2. Marriage and Divorce; 3. Migration.

Answer 202

Most South Americans speak Spanish, whereas Asians from different countries do not share a common language. - Asian immigrants do not have a common language. Koreans, Chinese, Japanese, Cambodians, and Vietnamese all speak a different language.

Answer 203

Fixation. - Sigmund Freud was one of the early psychologists. In 1900, Freud's famous work "Interpretation of Dreams" was published introducing Freud's Theory of the Unconscious and the Theory of the Oedipus complex. According to Freud's Oedipus complex, fixation results from abnormal personality development. Freud stated that a person feels a certain amount of frustration and anxiety as he passes from one stage of development to the next. If that frustration and anxiety become too great, development may halt, the person becoming fixated at the stage he is trying to out grow of. For example, an overly dependent child is thought to be fixated. Development has ceased at an early stage preventing the child from growing up and becoming independent.

Answer 204

Agents of Socialization. - According to sociologists, agents of socialization are individuals, groups, and institutions that supply the structure that socialization takes place in modern societies.

Answer 205

1. Personal Values; 2. Religious Beliefs; 3. Styles of Dress. - Culture consists of the shared products of human interaction, both material and nonmaterial. An individual's intelligence is the result of personal development and genetic inheritance. Because intelligence may vary greatly among individuals, it is not shared among members of a society.

Answer 206

Cultural Anthropology. - Cultural anthropology is the study of learned behavior in human societies and is subdivided into archaeology, ethnography, ethnology, social anthropology, and linguistics.

Answer 207

Social Interactions. - Sociology studies human interaction, both in small groups and in larger settings, and the results of that interaction, such as groups, organizations, institutions, and nations. Social problems are only a part of the subject matter in sociology. Human personality and human development are more often studied by psychologists.

Answer 208

1. A Church Congregation; 2. A University; 3. A Family. - Virtually any group can be considered a social network.

Answer 209

1. How to address poverty; 2. Whether birth control is taught in schools; 3. Whether evolution is taught in schools. - Social issues are considered to be outside the control of a single individual and impact society-at-large and that can separate people in the community.

Test 1 Flashcards

(236 cards)