Amines

Question 1

Primary amine example

Answer 1

3-amino ethane

Question 2

Secondary amine example

Answer 2

N-ethyl-N-methyl amine

Question 3

Tertiary amine example

Answer 3

N,N-diethyl-N-methyl amine

Question 4

Quaternary amine example

Answer 4

N,N-diethyl-N-methyl ammonia chloride/bromide/nitrate

Question 5

Haloalkane to amine

Answer 5

Nucleophilic substitution from haloalkane to amine with excess NH2 (1st NH2 = nucleophile ( electron pair acceptor ) and 2nd nucelophile ( base) with heat pressure to form primary amine with ammonium salt eg NH4cl+

Question 6

Further substitution

Answer 6

where u replace a hydrogen of amine with molecule except the halogen to form secondary / tertiary amine/ quaternary with salt)

Question 7

Why is nucleophilic substitution inefficient to produce a primary amine ?

Answer 7

one ammonia has to be added in excess and separated by fractional distillation and this method forms a mixture of amines.

Question 8

Alternative to produce primary amine without separation

Answer 8

nitrile from haloalkane to amine using H2 ( steam ) and a nickel catalyst

Question 9

Benzene primary amine formation

Answer 9

form nitrobenzene with concentrated HNO3 and H2SO4 then reduce it to a an amine using a tin catalyst and HCl acid. Which is represented by 6(H+) and produces 2 H2O

Question 10

Nitrobenzene to amine

Answer 10

HCl and tin catalyst
6H+ and 2 H2O

Question 11

What can amines used for?

Answer 11

Amines are called cationonic surfactants which means they can be used as conditioners

Question 12

Are amines strong or weak bases

Answer 12

Weak

Question 13

Two factors which affect strength of amines

Answer 13

Increase in alkyl groups incarses strength of bases as more positive inductive effect so has more electron density which repels lone pair which mes lone pair more available

If an amine is attached to a benzene meolecule the lone pair delicises into benzene ring which makes is less available so weaker base.

Question 14

What is a base?

Answer 14

Proton donor

Question 15

Excess NH3 and haloalkane

Answer 15

Normal Nucleophilic substitution

Question 16

Excess haloalkane and amine

Answer 16

Replace All Hs on NH3 with haloalkane without halogen
Forms a quaternary ammonium salt

Question 17

Drawing a secondary amine

Answer 17

N between 2 carbons

Question 18

Drawing a tertiary amine

Answer 18

N bonded to 3 carbons

Question 19

Drawing a quaternary ammonium salt

Answer 19

In brackets with a + charge
4 carbons bonded to N