AMINES AMINO ACIDS AND POLYMERS

Question 1

What are primary secondary tertiary and quaternary amines

Answer 1

1 organic group attached to a nitrogen and 2 H
2 organic groups attached to a nitrogen and 1 H
3 organic groups attached to a nitrogen and no hydrogen
4 organic groups attached to a nitrogen so N has a +1 charge and there is 1 co ordinate bond

Question 2

What are non aromatic amines called

Answer 2

aliphatic amines

Question 3

How do amines act as a base, and what bonds do they form

Answer 3

Nitrogen has a lone pair of electrons so can accept a proton, so are therefore a base

Proton bonds to an amine by a dative covalent bond, both electrons in bond are from nitrogen

Question 4

what does the strength of amines bases depend upon

Answer 4

the availability of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen

base will be stronger if lone pair is more available

Question 5

Forming aliphatic amines

Answer 5

reacting haloalkanes with excess ammonia

forms an intermediate

forms amine and ammonium salt

Question 6

Downside to production on aliphatic amines from haloalkanes

Answer 6

as primary amines still have a lone pair of electrons they can act as a nucleophile and react with any remaining haloalkane to give secondary, tertiary and quaternary salts

lots of impure products

Question 7

Uses of aromatic amines

Answer 7

dyes and pharmaceuticals

Question 8

How to form aromatic amines

Answer 8

heat nitrobenzene under reflux with concentrated HCl and tin catalyst to form a salt

reducing agent ( 6[H] )

react the salt with NaOH to form the aromatic amine and water

Question 9

Amides functional group

Answer 9

-CONH2

they are derivatives of carboxylic acids

Question 10

structure of amino acids

Answer 10

amino group - NH2

carboxyl group - COOH

R group

Hydrogen

all bonded to a carbon

chiral structure apart from glycine

Question 11

What does amphoteric mean and what is an example

Answer 11

that a compound has acidic and basic properties

e.g. amino acids

Question 12

What is a chiral molecule and what will they do

Answer 12

a molecule that has 4 different groups bonded to a central carbon atom

they rotate plane polarised light

Question 13

What is an alpha amino acid and general formula

Answer 13

an amino acid where the NH2 and COOH are bonded to the same carbon

RCH(NH2)COOH

Question 14

how do Amino acids react with alkalis

Answer 14

alkali react with the COOH group to form a conjugate base (RCH(NH2)COO-) which then combines with a positive ion to form a salt

Question 15

How do amino acids react with acids

Answer 15

acid reacts with NH2 to form a conjugate acid (RCH(NH3+)COOH) which then combines with a negative ion to form a salt

Question 16

How do you form an ester from an amino acid

Answer 16

COOH group reacts with an alcohol to form an ester

H2SO4 catalyst is needed

Question 17

Optical isomerism definition

Answer 17

Same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space

Question 18

what are enantiomers

Answer 18

enantiomers are mirror images of each other and non-superimposable

this means they cannot overlap any way they are turned

Question 19

How to detect optically active compounds

Answer 19

pass light through a polaroid filter to produce plane polarised light

pass the plane polarised light through the compound in a test tube

optically active compounds will rotate the plane polarised light

Question 20

2 types of condensation polymers

Answer 20

polyesters

polyamides

Question 21

What is condensation polymerisation

Answer 21

2 different monomers with at least 2 functional groups react together,

a bond is made and water is eliminated

Question 22

How to form polyamides and what links are formed

How to form polyesters and what links are formed

Answer 22

di amines + dicarboxylic acids
amide links

diol + dicarboxylic acids
ester links