Amino Acids and Proteins

Question 1

What are amino acids? What is the overall net charge?

Answer 1

• basic structures of at least one of both amino + carboxyl acid groups
• Chains = polypeptides = proteins
• Overall charge is NEUTRAL (Zwitterions)

Question 2

True or false: Essential amino acids must be consumed

Answer 2

true

Question 3

What are conditional amino acids?

Answer 3

may have one other type (infants have issues with this type)

• Need one other type (of amino acid?) before you can make a certain amino acid

Question 4

True or false: R groups differ via their side chains and can be covalently linked

Answer 4

true

Question 5

what is the avg number of amino acids in plasma determined by nucleotide basis?

Answer 5

100 -150 amino acids

Question 6

What are the levels of organization in amino acids?

Answer 6

Primary: sequence of chains
Secondary: pleated sheets/ALPHA HELIX (Adds new prop/strength/flexibility)
Tertiary: Folds (gives shape)
Quaternary: 3D, more than one chain, attaching through side chains (hydrophobic and disulfide bonds)

Question 7

Physical and chemical properties are related to which level of organization in amino acids?

Answer 7

3 - folds (gives shape)

Question 8

Does every amino acid have 4 levels of organization?

Answer 8

No

Question 9

What is Denaturation?

Answer 9

causes the denaturing of amino acids via, heat, urea, light, disturbances…etc

Question 10

Protein digestion, approx. what % of amino acids and proteins need to be eaten?

Answer 10

Half

Question 11

True or false: the stomach uses pepside to break down pepsin into proteins

Answer 11

False: it uses pepsin to breakdown proteins into peptides

Question 12

True or false: the small intestine uses peptides which are broken into amino acids then are sent off into the blood stream

Answer 12

true

Question 13

Define Amino Acid Apathies

Answer 13

inherited enzyme defect that inhibits metabolism of amino acids and causes severe medical conditions

Question 14

True or false: Blood samples should be drawn 6 - to - 8 hour fast, and collected in EDTA tubes

Answer 14

FASLE, the hours is correct but they are drawn into heparin tubes and the plasma is removed approx 2 hr

Question 15

When does deprotenization occur after blood samples are drawn in a heparin tube? At what temperature do they freeze?

Answer 15

Time: 30 min
Freezes at 20 - 40 degrees celsius

Question 16

What are some properties of proteins?

Answer 16

200 - 300 amino acids
Molecular size- 6,000 - 1,000 Da
Insulin is 600 Da

Question 17

T/F: the more negative a protein is, the more easily it is dissolved

Answer 17

False, the more positive the more easily dissolved

Question 18

What is the isoelectric point?

Answer 18

No net charge, acidic or basic

Question 19

What is aDsorption?

Answer 19

ability of water to cling to surface, osmotic equalibrium (albumin)

Question 20

proteins catalyze all living reactions, what are some examples?

Answer 20

Transport of metals
hormone receptors
immune responses

Question 21

What sets proteins apart in terms of properties?

Answer 21

They include COHNS
Carbon, oxygen, Hydrogen, NITROGEN..etc Nitrogen is the big one

Question 22

What are simple protein groups?

Answer 22

polypetides of only amino acids

Question 23

Describe Globular protein groups

Answer 23

symetrical, soluble in saline, albumin/globulins/histones/protamines

Question 24

Describe fibrous protein groups

Answer 24

Asymetrical, water insoluble, not found in blood collagens/elastin/keratins

Question 25

T/F cellular proteins are receptors for hormones like TSH

Answer 25

true

Question 26

describe structural proteins

Answer 26

collagen, skin, bones...etc

Question 27

T/F mucoproteins are carbs and make up to 40% or more of total weight

Answer 27

true

Question 28

T/F glycoproteins are carbs and make up to 20-40% of total weight

Answer 28

false, they make up to 10-40%

Question 29

In plasma proteins, what % does albumin and globulins make up?

Answer 29

Alb: 54% Glo: 46%

Question 30

What is the equation for total protein?

Answer 30

total protein - albumin = [ ] globulin

Question 31

What are the Total protein ref ranges? Albumin ref ranges?

Answer 31

TP: 6.5 - 8.3 g/dL Alb: 3.5 - 5.5 g/dL

Question 32

What factors affect [ ] of plasma proteins?

Answer 32

nutritional status physiological changes synthesis rate extracellular distrib

Question 33

What is the AG ratio

Answer 33

Albumin to globulin 1.1 - 1.8

Question 34

How is hypoprotenimia caused?

Answer 34

dehydration; increased proteins chronic inflammatory diseases

Question 35

What is prealbumin?

Answer 35

Not a precursor to albumin, it is just before albumin on the electrophoresis scale

Question 36

Prealbumin ref range:

Answer 36

10 - 20 mg/dL ref range CSF 0 - 3.1 mg/dL

Question 37

T/F Transport protein T3 and T4 have retinol binding proteins (specifc. Vit A) and affects the eyes and tissue growth

Answer 37

true, this was the copper eyes we saw

Question 38

What are some stimulators of transport proteins?

Answer 38

glucocorticoid hormones, androgens, NSAID

Question 39

What are transport proteins increased in? Decreased in?

Answer 39

Increased in alcholoism, steroids and renal failure Decreased in poor nutrition

Question 40

Albumin reference ranges

Answer 40

3.5 -5.5 g/dL 54% total protein 40% in blood 60% extravascular

Question 41

What is the function of albumin

Answer 41

maintain colloid osmotic pressure and acts as a transport protein

Question 42

When is albumin decreased?

Answer 42

in liver disorders, GI, muscle wasting, severe burns, starvation/malnutrition

Question 43

What is Kwashiorkor

Answer 43

famen + drought, decreased albumin, insuficient protein enlarged liver large stomach lots of filler foods like rice shown in childrens faces

Question 44

Describe Marasmus

Answer 44

severe malnutrition, decreased proteins and calories, chronic infection affects muscles/tissues and complete starvation

Question 45

T/F albumin levels are relatively normal in pts with Marasmus

Answer 45

true

Question 46

How is albumin measured?

Answer 46

calorimetrically w/ bromocresol green/purple pH 4.66 Linearity = 0.5 -8.0g/dL

Question 47

Globulins: Describe Alpha 1 Antitrypsin

Answer 47

90% synth in liver protects lungs (elastin) by inhibiting neutrophils + APR increased in inflammation can be deficient due to inheritance, sythetic version available

Question 48

Describe the Alpha - 2 Macroglobulin

Answer 48

large, cant cross kidney or the blood brain barrier, Tetramer, serine protease inhibitor, decreases albumin and prealbumin Increased: Preg, contreceptives, estrogen +APR

Question 49

Describe Haptoglobin

Answer 49

transport protein binds to free heme would be normal to anemia if extravascular +APR

Question 50

Describe ceruloplasmin

Answer 50

macrophages/lymphs can make it, copper transport 90% bound, increased in inflamation, cancer..etc +APR

Question 51

What is wilsons disease

Answer 51

primary genetic disorder caused by free copper in the brain and eyes secondary malnutrition

Question 52

Describe Transferrin

Answer 52

transports Iron, increased in iron deficiencies and decreased in iron overload, inflammation..etc - APR

Question 53

Describe Fibrinogen

Answer 53

forms clots when activated by thrombin, decreases w coag and increases w infect/preg <1.0g/dL bleeding problem something about saline as well i didnt catch

Question 54

CRP and HSCRP (high specificity CRP)

Answer 54

+APR goes up w infections anything above 1mg/dL is ABNORMAL Stimulating tissue factor initiates coag/compliment

Question 55

What does myoglobulin do?

Answer 55

stores oxygen intracellularly major muscle protein carries oxygen to tissues also an Anephlatoxin

Question 56

What are some other proteins of clinical significance?

Answer 56

B-2 macroglobulin - surf. of most cells Troponin - cardiac tissues Fetal fibronectin (amnionic sac - incuces labor) BNP - heart failure

Question 57

What is hypoprotenimia

Answer 57

protein

Question 58

What is hyperproteinemia

Answer 58

proteins > interval dehydration, excess production gamma globulins

Question 59

What is bowmans capsul?

Answer 59

only certain sizes allowed into the glomerulous in kidney

Question 60

What is CSF protein

Answer 60

choroid plexus cells + brain ventricles reabsorbed into arachnoid 95% plasma protein 5% in brain

Question 61

CSF ALB/plasma ALB x 100 = must equal no more than what?

Answer 61

no more than 65% or it is brain bleeding