An Orientation to Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to each other

Question 2

Gross Anatomy

Answer 2

The study of large (Macroscopic) body structures visible to the naked eye. (e.g. Heart, Digestive System, Bone)

Question 3

Microscopic Anatomy

Answer 3

The study of body structures too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope. (i.e. Cells and their arrangement in tissues)

Question 4

Physiology

Answer 4

The study of the function of the body’s structural machinery

Question 5

The Unity of Form and Function

Answer 5

What a structure can do depends on its specific form

Question 6

Level of Organization (From Simplest to Most Complex)

Answer 6

a. Subatomic Particles
b. Atoms
c. Molecules
d. Organelles
e. Cells
f. Tissue
g. Organ
h. Organ System
I. Organism (Humans)

Question 7

Properties that Define Life

Answer 7

a. Composed of Cells
b. Similar Biochemistry (Similarity between living organisms)
c. Metabolism
d. Responsiveness
e. Capable of Reproduction

Question 8

Cell

Answer 8

Microscopic unit that carries out all the processes of the body

Question 9

Similar Biochemistry

Answer 9

All living organisms are composed of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
- These four chemicals are not found in anything of
non-biological origin

Question 10

Metabolism

Answer 10

• All the chemical reactions happening in the body
• Living organisms build up and break down structures and compound
• Living organisms can assimilate compounds

Question 11

Responsiveness (Excitability)

Answer 11

Ability to react to changes in the environment

Question 12

Stimulus/Stimuli

Answer 12

Changes in the environment

Question 13

Capable of Reproduction

Answer 13

• Make copies of one’s self

- Pass on genes to future generation

Question 14

Homeostasis

Answer 14

• The state of relative constancy in a body’s internal environment
• Allows the body to work at peak efficiency

Question 15

Dynamic Equilibrium

Answer 15

• Dynamic = Change

- Things are always changing and the body must adjust to those changes

Question 16

Control Mechanisms

Answer 16

a. Receptors
b. Control Center
c. Effector

Question 17

Receptor

Answer 17

Sensor that detects change ( Example: Sensory Neuron)

Question 18

Control Center

Answer 18

Part that analyzes the data from the receptor and sends appropriate responses to effectors ( Usually the brain of the spinal cord)

Question 19

Effector

Answer 19

Part that responds to commands from the control center ( Usually the glands or the muscles)

Question 20

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

Answer 20

• The response of the body is opposite to the direction of the stimulus
• Most common type of control mechanism in the body

Question 21

Examples of Negative Feedback

Answer 21

• Body Temperature
• Blood Pressure
• Hormone Production
• Blood Sugar Levels

Question 22

Positive Feedback Mechanisms

Answer 22

• The response of the body enhances the original stimulus so that the stimulus increases
• Not very common

Question 23

Examples of Positive Feedback

Answer 23

• Blood Clotting

- Labor Contractions During Birth