Chemistry of the Body

Question 1

Chemistry

Answer 1

Study of the composition of substances and the changes in their composition

Question 2

Biochemistry

Answer 2

Study of the chemistry of living things

Question 3

The Atom

Answer 3

Basic building block for all matter (e.g. Solid , Liquid, Gas)

Question 4

Components of the Atomic Structure

Answer 4

a. Electrons
b. Protons
c. Neutrons

Question 5

Electrons (e-)

Answer 5

Negatively charged particles that travel around the nucleus

Question 6

Protons

Answer 6

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus

Question 7

Neutrons

Answer 7

Particles without a charge that are found in the nucleus

Question 8

Atomic Number

Answer 8

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of a specific element

Question 9

Mass Number

Answer 9

The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Question 10

“Complete Atom”

Answer 10

Electrically neutral meaning the number of protons equal the number of neutrons

Question 11

Effects of the Variation of the Structure of Atoms

Answer 11

Each atom will have unique physical and chemical properties

Question 12

Elements

Answer 12

Simplest chemical groupings that have unique properties

Question 13

What is defined by the Atomic Structure?

Answer 13

• Physical Characteristics (e.g. Mass, Color)

- Chemical Characteristics (e.g. Bonding Patterns with other Atoms)

Question 14

How many naturally occurring elements are there?

Answer 14

-91 Naturally Occurring Elements

Question 15

Atomic Symbols

Answer 15

One of two letter abbreviations for an element

Question 16

C

Answer 16

Carbon

Question 17

O

Answer 17

Oxygen

Question 18

N

Answer 18

Nitrogen

Question 19

H

Answer 19

Hydrogen

Question 20

P

Answer 20

Phosphorus

Question 21

S

Answer 21

Sulfur

Question 22

Ca

Answer 22

Calcium

Question 23

Mg

Answer 23

Magnesium

Question 24

Na

Answer 24

Sodium

Question 25

K

Answer 25

Potassium

Question 26

Cl

Answer 26

Chlorine

Question 27

Periodic Table

Answer 27

Lists the elements and groups them by their properties

Question 28

Isotopes

Answer 28

Atoms having the same atomic number, but different mass numbers

Question 29

Radioisotopes

Answer 29

- Isotopes with extra neurons - Tend to be atomically unstable - Release radiation which can damage cells

Question 30

Half-life

Answer 30

The time it takes for a radioisotope to lose half its radioactivity

Question 31

Uses of Isotopes

Answer 31

- Diagnoses of disease (Iodide-131 for thyroid problems) - Destruction of cancer cells (Cobalt-60 or Radium-226) - Following the path of an atom in a chemical reactions (Hydrogen-3 (Tritium) or Carbon-14)

Question 32

Atomic Weight

Answer 32

- Average of all the mass numbers of all the isotopes of an element - Corrected for each isotope's abundance in nature

Question 33

Chemical Bonds

Answer 33

Attractions/links that hold atoms together | -Allows atoms to form molecules

Question 34

Ionic Bonds

Answer 34

Positively and negatively charged atoms attract

Question 35

Cation

Answer 35

Any positively charged ion

Question 36

Anion

Answer 36

Any negatively charged ion

Question 37

Covalent Bond

Answer 37

- Two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons | - Strongest of all bonds

Question 38

Types of Covalent Bonds

Answer 38

- Nonpolar Covalent Bonds | - Polar Covalent Bonds

Question 39

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Answer 39

Electrons are shared equally (Methane)

Question 40

Polar Covalent Bond

Answer 40

Electrons are shared unequally and occurs with N and O most often. (Water)

Question 41

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 41

- The hydrogen atom attached to one slightly negatively charged atom is attracted to another slightly negatively charged atom. (e.g. N and O) - Seen with Water, Proteins, and DNA

Question 42

Chemical Reactions

Answer 42

Instance in which chemical bonds are formed, broken, or rearranged

Question 43

Molecular Formulas

Answer 43

- Shorthand abbreviations of molecules that show what they contain - Subscripts show the number of atoms in the molecule

Question 44

Chemical Equations

Answer 44

Illustration of chemical reactions using molecular formulas

Question 45

Synthesis Reactions

Answer 45

- Combining to make something bigger | - Anabolic Reaction = Making Something Bigger

Question 46

Decomposition Reactions

Answer 46

- Breaking something down - Catabolic Reaction = Breaking down a larger structure - Digesting

Question 47

Exchange Reactions

Answer 47

One part of a molecule switches to another molecule

Question 48

Exergonic Reactions

Answer 48

- Release energy, thus produces heat | - Most metabolic processes are this type

Question 49

Endergonic Reactions

Answer 49

- Need energy, can be chemical or heat | - Often used to control a series of chemical reactions in the body

Question 50

Equilibrium

Answer 50

Most reactions are reversible, so which way the reaction goes depends on the concentration of all molecules involved

Question 51

Factors Influencing Reaction Rates

Answer 51

a. Concentrations - The higher the concentration of the reactants, the faster the reaction goes b. Temperature - Increasing temperature increases the reaction rate c. Particle Size - Smaller particles react faster than larger particles d. Catalysts - Substances that increase reaction rates without themselves being changed - Enzymes

Question 52

Enzyme

Answer 52

-Biological Catalyst