An Overview of Clinical Laboratory Hematology Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
The average human possesses how many liters of blood.
A
5 liters
2
Q
Liquid portion of the blood
A
Plasma
3
Q
Functions of plasma
A
Provides coagulation enzymes; maintain circulation
Transports and nourishes blood cells
4
Q
Three categories of blood cells
A
Red blood cells (RBCs), or erythrocytes
White blood cells (WBCs), or leukocytes
Platelets (PLTs), or thrombocytes
5
Q
Study of blood cells
A
Hematology
6
Q
Most common hematology test
A
Complete blood count (CBC)
7
Q
Foundation method/stain for blood cell identification
A
Romanowsky stain
8
Q
Giulo Bizzozero described platelets as
A
Petites plaque
9
Q
The scientific term for cell appearance
A
Morphology
10
Q
Characteristics of erythrocytes
A
Anucleated
Biconcave
Discoid
Reddish
11
Q
Function of erythrocytes
A
Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
12
Q
Diameter of erythrocytes
A
7 to 8 um
13
Q
The loss of oxygen-carrying capacity of RBC
A
Anemia
14
Q
Anemia may be caused by
A
Reduced RBC count or decreased RBC hemoglobin concentration
15
Q
Increased RBC count reflecting increased circulating RBC mass, a condition that leads to hyperviscosity
A
Polycythemia
16
Q
History: Dilution ratio used for RBC counting
A
1:200
17
Q
History: Glass pipette used to dilute RBCs for counting
A
Thomas pipette
18
Q
Principle of Coulter counter
A
Direct current electrical impedance
19
Q
Reagent used for hemoglobin measurement
A
Drabkin reagent
20
Q
Ratio of the volume of packed RBCs to the volume of whole blood
A
Hematocrit
21
Q
Normal ratio of hematocrit
A
50%
22
Q
Hematocrit is also called
A
Packed cell volume (PCV)
23
Q
Light-colored layer between the RBCs and plasma
A
Buffy coat
24
Q
Composition of buffy coat
A
WBCs & platelets
25
RBC indices
Mean cell volume (MCV)
Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)
Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
26
Volume measurement recorded in femtoliters (fL), reflects RBC diameter
Mean cell volume
27
Expressed in grams per deciliter (g/dL), reflects RBC staining intensity and amount of central pallor
Mean cell hemoglobin concentration
28
In picograms (pg) expresses the mass of hemoglobin per cell
Mean cell hemoglobin
29
Expresses the degree of variation in RBC volume
RBC distribution width (RDW)
30
Variation in size of blood cells
Anisocytosis
31
Microscope used to visually review RBC
Light microscope
32
Light microscope magnification to visually review RBC
500x or 1000x
33
RBC production site
Red bone marrow
34
Stain used to differentiate and count young RBCs
Methylene blue
35
Methylene blue is called
Nucleic acid stain or vital stain
36
Dyes absorbed by live cells
Supravital / vital stains
37
Young RBCs are called
Reticulocytes
38
Young RBCs contain:
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
39
Cells dedicated to protecting their host from infection and injury
White blood cells
40
Dilution ratio used for counting WBCs
1:20
41
WBC diluent for counting
Dilute acid solution
42
Function of WBC diluent
Lyses RBCs for easier counting of WBCs
43
Decreased WBC count
Leukopenia
44
Increased WBC count
Leukocytosis
45
Stain used to differentiate WBC types
Wright stain
46
Color of the cytoplasm of neutrophils
Pink or lavender staining
47
Phagocytic cells whose major purpose is to engulf and destroy microorganisms and foreign material
Neutrophils
48
Decreased neutrophil count
Neutropenia
49
Increased neutrophil count
Neutrophila
50
Often cause of neutriphila or neutropenia
Medications or viral infections
51
Slightly less mature neutrophils with a nonsegmented nucleus in a U or S shape
Bands
52
Increased levels of bands signals
Bacterial infection
53
Cells with round, bright orange-red cytoplasmic granules filled with proteins involved in immune system regulation
Eosinophils
54
Increased levels of eosinophil
Eosinophilia
55
Eosinophila often signals
Response to allergy or parasitic infection
56
Cells with dark purple, irregular cytoplasmic granules that obscure the nucleus
Basophils
57
Elevated basophil count
Basophilia
58
Basophila often signals
Hematologic disease
59
Neutrophils, bands, eosinophils, and basophils are collectively called
Granulocytes
60
Complex system of cells that provide for host immunity
Lymphocytes
61
Functions of lymphocytes
Recognize foreign antigens and mount humoral (antibodies) and cell-mediated antagonistic responses
62
Distinguishing characteristics of lymphocytes
Round
Slightly larger than RBC
Round featureless nuclei
Thin rim of nongranular cytoplasm
63
Elevated lymphocyte count
Lymphocytosis
64
Lymphocytosis is often associated with
Viral infections
65
Abnormally low lymphocyte count
Lymphopenia or lymphocytopenia
66
Lymphopenia or lymphocytopenia is often associated with
Drug therapy or immunodeficiency
67
Immature macrophage passing through the blood from its point to a targeted tissue location
Monocytes
68
Most abundant cell type in the body
Macrophages
69
Function of macrophages
To identify and phagocytize foreign particles
Assist the lymphocytes in mounting an immune response through the assembly and presentation of antigen epitopes
70
Distinguishing characteristics of monocytes
Slightly larger than WBCs
Blue-gray cytoplasm
Fine azure granules
Indented or folded nucleus
71
Increased number of monocytes
Monocytosis
72
Benign monocytosis may be found in
Infections or inflammation
73
Decreased monocyte count
Monocytopenia
74
Uncontrolled proliferation of a clone of malignant WBCs
Leukemia
75
Methods used in the characterization of leukemias
Wright-stained bone marrow smears
Flow cytometric immunophenotyping
Molecular diagnostic technology
Cytogenetics
Cytochemical staining
76
Blood cells that maintain blood vessel integrity by initiating vessel wall repairs
Platelets or thrombocytes
77
Series of cellular and plasma-based mechanisms that seal wounds, repair vessel walls, and maintain vascular patency
Hemostasis
78
It is a process where neighboring platelets aggregate with one another and secretes proteins to form a plug
Thrombosis
79
Diameter of platelet
2 to 4 um
80
Characteristics of platelets
Round or oval
Anucleated
Slightly granular
81
Diseases associated with uncontrolled platelet and hemostatic activation
Deep vein thrombosis
Pulmonary emboli
Acute myocardial infarctions (heart attacks)
Cerebrovascular accidents (strokes)
Peripheral artery disease
Repeated spontaneous abortions (miscarriages)
82
Microscopy method for easier platelet identification
Phase microscopy
83
Advantage of automated blood cell analyzers
Ability to generate a mean platelet volume (MPV)
84
What does elevated mean platelet volume means
Signals a regenerative bone marrow response to platelet consumption
85
What does platelets do?
Responsible for normal blood vessel maintenance and repair
86
Elevated platelet counts
Thrombocytosis
87
What does thrombocytosis signify
Inflammation or trauma
88
Rare malignant condition characterized by extremely high platelet counts and uncontrolled platelet production
Essential thrombocythemia
89
Low platelet count
Thrombocytopenia
90
Thrombocytopenia is usually accompanied by
Easy bruising and uncontrolled hemorrhage
91
CBC specimen must be
Free of clots and hemolysis
Appropriate anticoagulant is used
Sufficient volume
Correct anticoagulant-to-blood ratio
92
Primary cause of incorrect anticoagulant-to-blood ratio
Insufficient volume / short draws
93
Registration of specimen in the work list is a process known as
Accession
94
Importance of accession
Reducing instances of identification error
95
Specialized, demanding, and fundamental CBC activity
Blood film examination
96
Stain used for blood film examination
Wright or Wright-Giemsa stain
97
Total magnification used for WBC count during blood film examination
400x or 500x
98
Total magnification used for platelet count during blood film examination
1000x
99
Process that systematically reviews, identifies, and tabulates 100 (or more) WBCs to determine their percent distribution
WBC differential count
100
Forms the inner surface of the blood vessels
Endothelial cells
101
Importance of endothelial cells
Maintaining normal blood flow
Decelerating platelets during times of injury
Enabling WBCs to escape from the vessel to the surrounding tissue
102
A key component of hemostasis
Platelets
103
Process of digesting clots to restore vessel patency
Fibrinolysis
104
These tests assess each portion of the coagulation pathway for deficiencies and are used to monitor anticoagulant therapy
Prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time (or activated partial thromboplastin time)
105
Advanced hematology procedures
Bone marrow examinations
Flow cytometry immunophenotyping
Cytogenetic analysis
Molecular diagnosis assays
106
Assist physicians with bedside bone marrow collection
Medical laboratory scientists
107
Specimen collected to analyze nucleated cells that are the immature precursors to blood cells
Bone marrow aspirates and biopsy specimens
108
Precursor to RBCs
Cells of eryhtroid series
109
Myeloid series cells mature to form
Bands and neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
110
Platelet precursor
Megakaryocytes
111
Increase in erythroid cell line indicates
Bone marrow compensation for excessive RBC destruction or blood loss
112
Stain used for biopsy specimen
Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
113
Cytochemical stains employed to differentiate abnormal myeloid, erythroid, and lymphoid cells
Myeloperoxidase
Sudan black B
Nonspecific and specific esterase
Periodic acid-Schiff
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
Alkaline phosphatase
114
Principle of flow cytometers
Electrical impedance
115
Process of chromosome analysis
Cytogenetics
116
Reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22
Philadelphia chromosome
117
Diagnostic of chronic myeloid leukemia
Philadelphia chromosome
118
Translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17
t(15;17)
119
Diagnostic of acute promyelocytic leukemia
t(15;17)
120
Process of phenotypically detects an inherited RBC enzyme deficiency causing episodic hemolytic anemia
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase assay
121
One of the oldest hematology test that detects inflammation and roughly estimates its intensity
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
122
Used to diagnose sickle cell anemia
Sickle cell solubility screening assay
