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HEMATOLOGY > An Overview of Clinical Laboratory Hematology > Flashcards

An Overview of Clinical Laboratory Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

The average human possesses how many liters of blood.

A

5 liters

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2
Q

Liquid portion of the blood

A

Plasma

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3
Q

Functions of plasma

A

Provides coagulation enzymes; maintain circulation

Transports and nourishes blood cells

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4
Q

Three categories of blood cells

A

Red blood cells (RBCs), or erythrocytes
White blood cells (WBCs), or leukocytes
Platelets (PLTs), or thrombocytes

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5
Q

Study of blood cells

A

Hematology

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6
Q

Most common hematology test

A

Complete blood count (CBC)

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7
Q

Foundation method/stain for blood cell identification

A

Romanowsky stain

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8
Q

Giulo Bizzozero described platelets as

A

Petites plaque

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9
Q

The scientific term for cell appearance

A

Morphology

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10
Q

Characteristics of erythrocytes

A

Anucleated
Biconcave
Discoid
Reddish

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11
Q

Function of erythrocytes

A

Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

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12
Q

Diameter of erythrocytes

A

7 to 8 um

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13
Q

The loss of oxygen-carrying capacity of RBC

A

Anemia

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14
Q

Anemia may be caused by

A

Reduced RBC count or decreased RBC hemoglobin concentration

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15
Q

Increased RBC count reflecting increased circulating RBC mass, a condition that leads to hyperviscosity

A

Polycythemia

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16
Q

History: Dilution ratio used for RBC counting

A

1:200

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17
Q

History: Glass pipette used to dilute RBCs for counting

A

Thomas pipette

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18
Q

Principle of Coulter counter

A

Direct current electrical impedance

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19
Q

Reagent used for hemoglobin measurement

A

Drabkin reagent

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20
Q

Ratio of the volume of packed RBCs to the volume of whole blood

A

Hematocrit

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21
Q

Normal ratio of hematocrit

A

50%

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22
Q

Hematocrit is also called

A

Packed cell volume (PCV)

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23
Q

Light-colored layer between the RBCs and plasma

A

Buffy coat

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24
Q

Composition of buffy coat

A

WBCs & platelets

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25
Q

RBC indices

A

Mean cell volume (MCV)
Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)
Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

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26
Q

Volume measurement recorded in femtoliters (fL), reflects RBC diameter

A

Mean cell volume

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27
Q

Expressed in grams per deciliter (g/dL), reflects RBC staining intensity and amount of central pallor

A

Mean cell hemoglobin concentration

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28
Q

In picograms (pg) expresses the mass of hemoglobin per cell

A

Mean cell hemoglobin

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29
Q

Expresses the degree of variation in RBC volume

A

RBC distribution width (RDW)

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30
Q

Variation in size of blood cells

A

Anisocytosis

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31
Q

Microscope used to visually review RBC

A

Light microscope

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32
Q

Light microscope magnification to visually review RBC

A

500x or 1000x

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33
Q

RBC production site

A

Red bone marrow

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34
Q

Stain used to differentiate and count young RBCs

A

Methylene blue

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35
Q

Methylene blue is called

A

Nucleic acid stain or vital stain

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36
Q

Dyes absorbed by live cells

A

Supravital / vital stains

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37
Q

Young RBCs are called

A

Reticulocytes

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38
Q

Young RBCs contain:

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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39
Q

Cells dedicated to protecting their host from infection and injury

A

White blood cells

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40
Q

Dilution ratio used for counting WBCs

A

1:20

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41
Q

WBC diluent for counting

A

Dilute acid solution

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42
Q

Function of WBC diluent

A

Lyses RBCs for easier counting of WBCs

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43
Q

Decreased WBC count

A

Leukopenia

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44
Q

Increased WBC count

A

Leukocytosis

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45
Q

Stain used to differentiate WBC types

A

Wright stain

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46
Q

Color of the cytoplasm of neutrophils

A

Pink or lavender staining

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47
Q

Phagocytic cells whose major purpose is to engulf and destroy microorganisms and foreign material

A

Neutrophils

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48
Q

Decreased neutrophil count

A

Neutropenia

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49
Q

Increased neutrophil count

A

Neutrophila

50
Q

Often cause of neutriphila or neutropenia

A

Medications or viral infections

51
Q

Slightly less mature neutrophils with a nonsegmented nucleus in a U or S shape

A

Bands

52
Q

Increased levels of bands signals

A

Bacterial infection

53
Q

Cells with round, bright orange-red cytoplasmic granules filled with proteins involved in immune system regulation

A

Eosinophils

54
Q

Increased levels of eosinophil

A

Eosinophilia

55
Q

Eosinophila often signals

A

Response to allergy or parasitic infection

56
Q

Cells with dark purple, irregular cytoplasmic granules that obscure the nucleus

A

Basophils

57
Q

Elevated basophil count

A

Basophilia

58
Q

Basophila often signals

A

Hematologic disease

59
Q

Neutrophils, bands, eosinophils, and basophils are collectively called

A

Granulocytes

60
Q

Complex system of cells that provide for host immunity

A

Lymphocytes

61
Q

Functions of lymphocytes

A

Recognize foreign antigens and mount humoral (antibodies) and cell-mediated antagonistic responses

62
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of lymphocytes

A

Round
Slightly larger than RBC
Round featureless nuclei
Thin rim of nongranular cytoplasm

63
Q

Elevated lymphocyte count

A

Lymphocytosis

64
Q

Lymphocytosis is often associated with

A

Viral infections

65
Q

Abnormally low lymphocyte count

A

Lymphopenia or lymphocytopenia

66
Q

Lymphopenia or lymphocytopenia is often associated with

A

Drug therapy or immunodeficiency

67
Q

Immature macrophage passing through the blood from its point to a targeted tissue location

A

Monocytes

68
Q

Most abundant cell type in the body

A

Macrophages

69
Q

Function of macrophages

A

To identify and phagocytize foreign particles
Assist the lymphocytes in mounting an immune response through the assembly and presentation of antigen epitopes

70
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of monocytes

A

Slightly larger than WBCs
Blue-gray cytoplasm
Fine azure granules
Indented or folded nucleus

71
Q

Increased number of monocytes

A

Monocytosis

72
Q

Benign monocytosis may be found in

A

Infections or inflammation

73
Q

Decreased monocyte count

A

Monocytopenia

74
Q

Uncontrolled proliferation of a clone of malignant WBCs

A

Leukemia

75
Q

Methods used in the characterization of leukemias

A

Wright-stained bone marrow smears
Flow cytometric immunophenotyping
Molecular diagnostic technology
Cytogenetics
Cytochemical staining

76
Q

Blood cells that maintain blood vessel integrity by initiating vessel wall repairs

A

Platelets or thrombocytes

77
Q

Series of cellular and plasma-based mechanisms that seal wounds, repair vessel walls, and maintain vascular patency

A

Hemostasis

78
Q

It is a process where neighboring platelets aggregate with one another and secretes proteins to form a plug

A

Thrombosis

79
Q

Diameter of platelet

A

2 to 4 um

80
Q

Characteristics of platelets

A

Round or oval
Anucleated
Slightly granular

81
Q

Diseases associated with uncontrolled platelet and hemostatic activation

A

Deep vein thrombosis
Pulmonary emboli
Acute myocardial infarctions (heart attacks)
Cerebrovascular accidents (strokes)
Peripheral artery disease
Repeated spontaneous abortions (miscarriages)

82
Q

Microscopy method for easier platelet identification

A

Phase microscopy

83
Q

Advantage of automated blood cell analyzers

A

Ability to generate a mean platelet volume (MPV)

84
Q

What does elevated mean platelet volume means

A

Signals a regenerative bone marrow response to platelet consumption

85
Q

What does platelets do?

A

Responsible for normal blood vessel maintenance and repair

86
Q

Elevated platelet counts

A

Thrombocytosis

87
Q

What does thrombocytosis signify

A

Inflammation or trauma

88
Q

Rare malignant condition characterized by extremely high platelet counts and uncontrolled platelet production

A

Essential thrombocythemia

89
Q

Low platelet count

A

Thrombocytopenia

90
Q

Thrombocytopenia is usually accompanied by

A

Easy bruising and uncontrolled hemorrhage

91
Q

CBC specimen must be

A

Free of clots and hemolysis
Appropriate anticoagulant is used
Sufficient volume
Correct anticoagulant-to-blood ratio

92
Q

Primary cause of incorrect anticoagulant-to-blood ratio

A

Insufficient volume / short draws

93
Q

Registration of specimen in the work list is a process known as

A

Accession

94
Q

Importance of accession

A

Reducing instances of identification error

95
Q

Specialized, demanding, and fundamental CBC activity

A

Blood film examination

96
Q

Stain used for blood film examination

A

Wright or Wright-Giemsa stain

97
Q

Total magnification used for WBC count during blood film examination

A

400x or 500x

98
Q

Total magnification used for platelet count during blood film examination

A

1000x

99
Q

Process that systematically reviews, identifies, and tabulates 100 (or more) WBCs to determine their percent distribution

A

WBC differential count

100
Q

Forms the inner surface of the blood vessels

A

Endothelial cells

101
Q

Importance of endothelial cells

A

Maintaining normal blood flow
Decelerating platelets during times of injury
Enabling WBCs to escape from the vessel to the surrounding tissue

102
Q

A key component of hemostasis

A

Platelets

103
Q

Process of digesting clots to restore vessel patency

A

Fibrinolysis

104
Q

These tests assess each portion of the coagulation pathway for deficiencies and are used to monitor anticoagulant therapy

A

Prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time (or activated partial thromboplastin time)

105
Q

Advanced hematology procedures

A

Bone marrow examinations
Flow cytometry immunophenotyping
Cytogenetic analysis
Molecular diagnosis assays

106
Q

Assist physicians with bedside bone marrow collection

A

Medical laboratory scientists

107
Q

Specimen collected to analyze nucleated cells that are the immature precursors to blood cells

A

Bone marrow aspirates and biopsy specimens

108
Q

Precursor to RBCs

A

Cells of eryhtroid series

109
Q

Myeloid series cells mature to form

A

Bands and neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

110
Q

Platelet precursor

A

Megakaryocytes

111
Q

Increase in erythroid cell line indicates

A

Bone marrow compensation for excessive RBC destruction or blood loss

112
Q

Stain used for biopsy specimen

A

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)

113
Q

Cytochemical stains employed to differentiate abnormal myeloid, erythroid, and lymphoid cells

A

Myeloperoxidase
Sudan black B
Nonspecific and specific esterase
Periodic acid-Schiff
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
Alkaline phosphatase

114
Q

Principle of flow cytometers

A

Electrical impedance

115
Q

Process of chromosome analysis

A

Cytogenetics

116
Q

Reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22

A

Philadelphia chromosome

117
Q

Diagnostic of chronic myeloid leukemia

A

Philadelphia chromosome

118
Q

Translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17

A

t(15;17)

119
Q

Diagnostic of acute promyelocytic leukemia

A

t(15;17)

120
Q

Process of phenotypically detects an inherited RBC enzyme deficiency causing episodic hemolytic anemia

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase assay

121
Q

One of the oldest hematology test that detects inflammation and roughly estimates its intensity

A

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

122
Q

Used to diagnose sickle cell anemia

A

Sickle cell solubility screening assay

HEMATOLOGY (4 decks)

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