Hematopoiesis Flashcards
(228 cards)
1
Q
Continuous, regulated process of renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of all blood cell lines
A
Hematopoiesis
2
Q
These processes result in the formation, development, and specialization of all functional blood cells that are released from the bone marrow into the circulation
A
Renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation
3
Q
System that serves as a functional model to study stem cell biology, proliferation, and maturation and their contribution to disease and tissue repair
A
Hematopoietic system
4
Q
Hematopoiesis in healthy adults is restricted primarily to the
A
Bone marrow
5
Q
During fetal development, the restricted, sequential distribution of cells is initiated in the
A
Yolk sac
6
Q
Hematopoiesis is considered to begin around the eighteenth day of embryonic development after fertilization. True or False?
A
False; nineteenth
7
Q
Formation of primitive erythroblasts is seen in what stage of hematopoiesis?
A
Mesoblastic or Yolk Sac Phase
8
Q
It is known as the stage for primitive hematopoiesis
A
Mesoblastic or Yolk Sac Phase
9
Q
How does yolk sac hematopoiesis differ from hematopoiesis that occurs later in the fetus and adult?
A
Yolk sac hematopoiesis occurs intravascularly (or within developing blood vessels)
10
Q
The major site of adult blood formation in the embryo
A
Yolk sac
11
Q
Embryonic hemoglobins formed by immature erythrocytes in the yolk sac
A
Gower-1
Gower-2
Portland
12
Q
Globin chain combination of Gower I
A
2 epsilon 2 zeta
13
Q
Globin chain combination of Gower II
A
2 alpha 2 epsilon
14
Q
Globin chain combination of Portland
A
2 zeta 2 gamma
15
Q
The hepatic phase of hematopoiesis begins at 5 to 7 gestational weeks. True or False?
A
True
16
Q
Event that signals the beginning of definitive hematopoiesis with a decline in primitive hematopoiesis of the yolk sac
A
Development of erythroblast; in addition to the appearance of lymphoid cells
17
Q
Major site of hematopoiesis during the second trimester of fetal life
A
Liver
18
Q
Hematopoiesis in the fetal liver reaches its peak by the _____ month of fetal development, then gradually declines after the _____ month, retaining minimal activity until _____ weeks after birth
A
Third
Sixth
1 to 2
19
Q
The first fully developed organ in the fetus
A
Thymus
20
Q
Major site of T cell production in fetus
A
Thymus
21
Q
Organ that produce B cells in fetus
A
Kidney and spleen
22
Q
Production of megakaryocytes begins during what stage of hematopoiesis?
A
Hepatic Phase
23
Q
Hepatic stage of hematopoiesis occurs intravascularly or extravascularly?
A
Extravascularly
24
Q
Hemoglobins produced during the hepatic phase of hematopoiesis
A
Fetal hemoglobin (Hb F)
Adult hemoglobin (Hb A)
25
Predominant hemoglobin in hepatic stage of hematopoiesis
Fetal hemoglobin (Hb F)
26
Percentage of adult hemoglobin (Hb A) in hepatic stage of hematopoiesis
<1%
27
Globin chain combination fetal hemoglobin (Hb F)
2 alpha 2 gamma
28
Hematopoiesis in the bone marrow
Medullary (Myeloid) Phase
29
Site of medullary hematopoiesis
Medulla or inner part of the bone cavity
30
Medullary hematopoiesis begins between the fifth and sixth month of fetal development. True or False?
False; fourth and fifth
31
Myeloid-to-erythroid ratio during medullary hematopoiesis
Gradually approaches 3:1 to 4:1 (normal adult levels)
32
Primary site of hematopoiesis by the end of 24 weeks’ gestation
Bone marrow
33
Measurable levels of erythropoietin (EPO), granulocyte col- ony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and hemoglobins F and A can be detected in medullary hematopoiesis. True or False?
True
34
Main type of hematopoiesis during the second and third trimester of pregnancy
Medullary (Myeloid) Phase
35
Hemoglobins produced during medullary hematopoiesis
Hb A
Hb A2
36
Globin chain combination adult hemoglobin (Hb A)
2 alpha 2 beta
37
Globin chain combination adult hemoglobin (Hb A2)
2 alpha 2 delta
38
In adult hematopoiesis, the red marrow is found only in the
Ribs
Sternum
Scapula
Skull
Vertebrae
Pelvic bone
Proximal end of long bones
39
Site of adult hematopoietic tissue
Bone marrow (major site)
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Liver
Thymus
40
Primary site of adult hematopoiesis
Bone marrow
41
Secondary site of adult hematopoiesis
Liver and spleen
42
Reference range for normal adult Hgb
Hb A: 95-97%
Hb A2: 2-3%
≤1%: Hb F
43
Type of hematopoiesis seen during compensatory state such in case of bone marrow failure, certain diseases, malignancies, and infection
Extramedullary hematopoiesis
44
Type of hematopoiesis that results to hepatomegaly and splenomegy
Extramedullary hematopoiesis
45
Formation and activation of blood cells outside the bone marrow
Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH)
46
Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) occurs mainly in
Liver and spleen
47
Two major components of normal bone marrow
Red marrow
Yellow marrow
48
Composition of red marrow
Developing blood cells and their progenitors
49
Composition of yellow marrow
Adipocytes (fat cells), with undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and macrophages
50
Hematopoietically active marrow
Red marrow
51
Hematopoietically inactive marrow
Yellow marrow
52
One of the largest organs in the body, is located within the cavities of the cortical bones
Bone Marrow
53
During infancy and early childhood, all the bones in the body contain primarily yellow (inactive) marrow. True or False?
False; red (active) marrow
54
The process of replacing the ac- tive marrow by adipocytes (yellow marrow) during development
Retrogression
55
Retrogression occurs between 8 and 9 years of age. True or False?
False; 5 and 7
56
The ratio of the red marrow to the yellow marrow
Marrow cellularity
57
Marrow cellularity in adults
Approximately equal amounts of red and yellow marrow in hematopoietic active sites
58
Marrow cellularity, typically increases with age. True or False?
False; decreases
59
Yellow marrow is capable of reverting back to active marrow. True or False?
True
60
Cells originated from mesenchymal cells that migrate into the central cavity of the bone
Stromal cells
61
Stromal cells include:
Perivascular
Adipocytes (fat cells)
Lymphocytes
Endothelial cells
Glial cells
Reticular adventitial cells (fibroblasts)
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Macrophages
62
Broad, flat cells that form a single continuous layer along the inner surface of the arteries, veins, and vascular sinuses
Endothelial cells
63
Large cells with a single fat vacuole
Adipocytes
64
Cells involved in cytokine production
Macrophages
Adipocytes
Lymphocytes
Endothelial cells
65
Bone-forming cells
Osteoblasts
66
Bone-resorbing cells
Osteoclasts
67
Responsible for the incomplete layer of cells on the abluminal surface of the vascular sinuses
Reticular adventitial cells
68
Stromal cells play a critical role in the regulation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell survival and differentiation. True or False?
True
69
The nutrient and oxygen requirements of the marrow are fulfilled by the
Nutrient and periosteal arteries, which enter via the bone foramina
70
The nutrient artery supplies blood only to the marrow. True or False?
True
71
Periosteal arteries provide nutrients for the osseous bone and the marrow. True or False?
True
72
Hematopoietic cells located in the end-osteal bed receive their nutrients from the
Nutrient artery
73
Key stromal cells thought to support HSCs in bone marrow niches
Osteoblasts
Endothelial cells
Mesenchymal stem cells
CXCL12-abundant reticular cells
Perivascular stromal cells
Glial cells
Macrophages
74
Ratio between granulocyte lineage and erythrocyte lineage
Myeloid:Erythroid Ratio
75
Normal Myeloid:Erythroid Ratio
3:1
76
Excluded from the M:E ratio are
Lymphocyte and its precursors, plasma cells, monocytes and its precursors, histiocytes,
nonnucleated erythrocytes, and nonhematopoietic stromal cell
77
M:E ratio during infection. Interpret the results
6:1; Increase
78
M:E ratio during leukemia. Interpret the results
25:1; Increase
79
M:E ratio during myeloid hyperplasia. Interpret the results
20:1; Increase
80
M:E ratio during myeloid hypoplasia. Interpret the results
3:20; Decrease
81
M:E ratio during erythroid hyperplasia. Interpret the results
1:20; Decrease
82
M:E ratio during erythroid hypoplasia. Interpret the results
5:1;Increase
83
Used to evaluate hematopoietic cell production
M:E Ratio
84
Normocellular marrow cellularity value
Marrow has 30 to 70% HSCs
85
Hypercellular/Hyperplastic marrow cellularity value
Marrow has >70% HSCs
86
Hypocellular/Hypoplastic marrow cellularity value
Marrow has <30% HSCs
87
Aplastic marrow cellularity value
Marrow has few or no HSCs
88
Types of Bone marrow Specimen
Direct aspirate smears
Anticoagulated aspirate smears
Crush smears
Histologic/ Cell block
Imprints/ Touch preparation
Concentrate/ Buffy coat smear
89
Most commonly used site for BM collection
Posterior iliac crest
90
Most commonly used site for BM collection for newborn and infants
Upper end of tibial bone
91
Instrument/s used for Trephine (Core) biopsy
Trephine biopsy needle / Jamshidi needle / Westerman-Jensen needle
92
Instrument/s used for Bone marrow Aspirate
Aspiration needle / University of Illinois sternal needle
93
Bone marrow smears should be retained for
10 years
94
Bone Marrow Differential requires counting at least 500, and preferably 1000 cells be counted. True or False?
True
95
Two most common erythrocytic stages with fried egg appearance
Polychromatophilic and orthochromic normoblast
96
The largest cell in the Bone Marrow
Megakaryocyte
97
The most predominant cell in the Bone Marrow
Metamyelocyte
98
the largest cell in the Venous Blood
Monocytes
99
The bone marrow is estimated to be capable of producing approximately 2.5 billion erythrocytes, 2.5 billion platelets, and 1-billion granulocytes per kilogram of body weight daily. True or False?
True
100
Appearance of osteoblasts
Water-bug or comet appearance
101
Osteoblasts are commonly mistaken as
Plasma cells
102
Osteoclasts are commonly mistaken as
Megakaryocyte
103
The identification and origin of HSCs can be determined by immunophenotypic analysis using
Flow cytometry
104
Cytokines that exert a negative influence on hematopoiesis
TGF-Beta
TNF-Alpha
Interferons
105
Cytokines or Hematopoietic growth factors that exert a positive influence on HSCs and progenitor cells
KIT ligand
FLT3 ligand
GM-CSF
IL-1
IL-3
IL-6
IL-11
106
Organ that synthesize coagulation factors
Liver
107
Macrophages that remove senescent cells and foreign debris from the blood that circulates through the liver
Kupffer cells
108
The largest lymphoid organ in the body
Spleen
109
Amount of blood contained in the spleen of a healthy individual
350 mL
110
Three types of splenic tissue
White pulp
Red pulp
Marginal zone
111
Cells in white pulp
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
112
Cells in marginal zone
Macrophages
Memory B cells
CD4 T cells
113
Cells in red pulp
Specialized macrophages
114
The spleen uses two methods for removing senescent or abnormal RBCs from the circulation:
Culling
Pitting
115
Process in which the cells are phagocytized with subsequent degradation of cell organelles
Culling
116
Process in which splenic macrophages remove inclusions or damaged surface membrane from the circulating RBCs
Pitting
117
The spleen serves as a storage site for platelets. True or False?
True
118
Approximate amount of platelet sequestered in the spleen
30% of the total platelet count
119
The combination of the slow pas- sage and the continued RBC metabolism creates an environment that is acidic, hypoglycemic, and hypoxic. True or False?
True
120
Splenectomy will lead to
Pancytosis
121
Hypersplenism will lead to
Pancytopenia
122
How does sickled RBCs lead to autosplenectomy
In sickle cell anemia, repeated splenic infarcts caused by sickled RBCs trapped in the small-vessel circulation of the spleen cause tissue damage and necrosis, which often results in autosplenectomy
123
Spontaneous splenic infarction leading to hyposplenism
Autosplenectomy
124
Graveyard of the RBCs
Spleen
125
Storage site of blood cells
Spleen
126
Area in white pulp where B cells reside
Primary follicles
127
Area in white pulp where activated B cells reside
Germinal center or Secondary follicle
128
Area in white pulp where T cells reside
PALS (periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths)
129
Cord of billroth is seen in
Red pulp
130
The red pulp makes up more than one half of the total volume of spleen. True or False?
True
131
Poikilocytes produced by pitting
Bite cells
132
Inclusion bodies of RBC in person with G6PD Deficiency
Heinz bodies
133
RBC lifespan
120 days
134
Old senescent RBCs are deformable. True or False?
False; rigid
135
The absence of splenic function)
Asplenia
136
Fluid portion of blood that escapes into the connective tissue and is characterized by a low protein concentration and the absence of RBCs
Lymph
137
Three main functions if lymph nodes
They are a site of lymphocyte proliferation
They are involved in the initiation of the specific immune response to foreign antigens
They filter particulate matter, debris, and bacteria entering the lymph node via the lymph
138
Infection or inflammation of the lymph node due to increased numbers of microorganisms entering the nodes
Adenitis
139
Site of T cell production
Bone marrow
140
Site of T cell maturation
Thymus
141
Site of B cell production
Bone marrow
142
Site of B cell maturation
Bone marrow
143
Two major types of hematopoietic progenitor cells
Noncommitted or undifferentiated HSCs
Committed progenitor cells
144
Two theories describing the origin of hematopoietic progenitor cells
Monophyletic theory
Polyphyletic theory
145
Theory suggesting that all blood cells are derived from a single progenitor stem cell called a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
Monophyletic theory
146
Theory suggesting that each of the blood cell lineages is derived from its own unique stem cell
Polyphyletic theory
147
Most widely accepted theory among experimental hematologists
Monophyletic theory
148
Cells capable of self-renewal, are pluripotent and give rise to differentiated progeny, and are able to reconstitute the hematopoietic system of a lethally irradiated host
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
149
The undifferentiated HSCs can differentiate into progenitor cells committed to either lymphoid or myeloid lineages. True or False?
True
150
Lineage-specific progenitor cells which proliferates and differentiates into T, B, and natural killer lymphocyte and dendritic lineages
Common lymphoid progenitor
151
Lineage-specific progenitor cells which proliferates and differentiates into individual granulocytic, erythrocytic, monocytic, and megakaryocytic lineages
Common myeloid progenitor
152
Number of cells produced by the bone marrow
2.5 billion erythrocytes, 2.5 billion platelets, and 1 billion granulocytes per kilogram of body weight daily
153
Most of the cells in normal bone marrow are precursor cells at various stages of maturation. True or False?
True
154
Three possible fates of HSCs
Self-renewal
Differentiation
Apoptosis
155
Explain the symmetric division
Both daughter cells may follow the path of differentiation, leaving the stem cell pool
156
Explain the asymmetric division
One daughter cell may return to the stem cell pool and the other daughter cell may follow the path of differentiation or undergo apoptosis
157
Model suggesting that the HSC randomly commits to self-renewal or differentiation
Stochastic model of hematopoiesis
158
Model suggesting that the microenvironment in the bone marrow deter- mines whether the HSC will self-renew or differentiate
Instructive model of hematopoiesis
159
Model suggesting that HSCs receive low-level signals from the hematopoietic inductive microenvironment to amplify or repress genes associated with commit- ment to multiple lineages
Multilineage priming model
160
A bipotential progenitor cell of mesodermal origin that gives rise to hematopoietic and endothelial lineages
Hemangioblast
161
Changes in the nucleus during cell maturation
Loss of nucleoli
Decrease in the diameter of the nucleus
Condensation of nuclear chromatin
Possible change in the shape of the nucleus
Possible loss of the nucleus
162
Changes in the cytoplasm during cell maturation
Decrease in basophilia
Increase in the proportion of cytoplasm
Possible appearance of granules
163
HSCs exist in the marrow in the ratio of
1 per 1000 nucleated blood cells
164
Can be calculated to establish the percentage of cells in mitosis in relation to the total number of cells
Mitotic index
165
Factors affecting the mitotic index
Duration of mitosis and the length of the resting state
166
Normal mitotic index
1% to 2%
167
Increased mitotic index implies
Increased proliferation
168
Rate of mitosis in case of megaloblastic anemia
Prolonged
169
G0
Resting stage
170
G1
Cell growth and synthesis of components necessary for cell division
171
S
DNA replication
172
G2
Premitotic phase
173
M
Mitosis
174
A group of specific glycoproteins that regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of hematopoietic precursor cells
Hematopoietic growth factors or cytokines
175
Diverse group of soluble proteins that have direct and indirect effects on hematopoietic cells
Cytokines
176
Cytokines include:
Interleukins (ILs)
Lymphokines
Monokines
Interferons
Chemokines
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
177
Responsible for stimulation or inhibition of production, differentiation, and trafficking of mature blood cells and their precursors
Cytokines
178
Normal physiologic process that eliminates unwanted, abnormal, or harmful cells
Apoptosis/programmed cell death
179
KIT ligand is also known as
Stem cell factor (SCF)
180
Characteristics shared by interleukins
1. They are proteins that exhibit multiple biologic activities, such as the regulation of autoimmune and inflammatory reactions and hematopoiesis.
2. They have synergistic interactions with other cytokines.
3. They are part of interacting systems with amplification
potential.
4. They are effective at very low concentrations.
181
A complex, regulated process for maintaining adequate numbers of eryth- rocytes in the peripheral blood
Erythropoiesis
182
Erythropoiesis occurs in the
Bone marrow
183
Earliest identifiable colony of RBCs
Burst- forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E)
184
Serves as a differentiation factor that causes the CFU-E to differentiate into pronormoblasts
EPO
185
The earliest visually recognized erythrocyte precursors in the bone marrow
Pronormoblasts
186
Lineage-specific glycoprotein produced in the renal peritubular interstitial cells
EPO
187
Small amount of EPO is produced by the liver. True or False?
True
188
Stimulus that activates production and secretion of EPO
Oxygen availability in the kidney
189
Two major categories of leukopoiesis
Myelopoiesis
Lymphopoiesis
190
Main site of production of TPO
Liver
191
Cytokines are used as priming agents to increase the yield of HSCs during apheresis for transplantation protocols. True or False?
True
192
Foundation of the adult hematopoietic system
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
193
Three types of human stem cell
Totipotential
Pluripotential
Multipotential
194
The most versatile type of stem cell
Totipotential stem cells
195
It is an ideal environment of HSC is the allowance for: Self renewal, Proliferation and Differentiation, Apoptosis
Hematopoietic microenvironment
196
Specialized cells within the BM that provide protective and nourishing environment to the HSCs
Stromal cells
197
Function of stromal cells
Secrete substances that make up the extracellular matrix which are essential for cell growth and support of the HSCs
198
Origin of dendritic cells
CLP
199
Precursor of dendritic cells
Monocytes
200
RBC precursors
Rubriblast to Reticulocyte
201
Granulocyte precursors
Myeloblast to Band cells
202
Platelet precursors
Megakaryoblast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryocyte
203
Not a true leukocyte
Mast cell
204
Mature cell/s developed from G-M (Granulocyte-Monocyte) Progenitor
Basophil
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Monocyte
Macrophage
205
Mature cell/s developed from E-B (Eosinophil-Basophil) Progenitor
Basophil
Eosinophil
206
Mature cell/s developed from M-E (Megakaryocyte-Erythrocyte) Progenitor
Platelets
RBCs
207
Mature cell/s developed from CMP (Common Myeloid Progenitor)
Granulocytes
Erythrocytes
Monocytes/Macrophages
Megakaryocytes
208
Mature cell/s developed from CLP (Common Lymphoid Progenitor)
Lymphocytes (B cell, T cell, and NK cell)
Plasma cells
Dendritic cells
209
Functional characterization of HSCs can be accomplished through in vitro techniques using
Culture assays
210
Lymphoid pan T cell marker/s
CD2
CD3
211
Helper / Inducer T cell marker/s
CD4
212
Suppressor / Cytotoxic T cell marker/s
CD8
213
Pan Myeloid cell marker/s
CD13
CD33
214
Monocyte marker/s
CD11
CD14
215
Lymphoid, pan B cell marker/s
CD19
CD20
216
Hematopoietic stem cell marker/s
CD34
217
NK Cell marker/s
CD16
CD56
218
Pre-CALLA (Common acute
lymphoblastic leukemia) marker/s
CD10
219
CFU-GEMM cell line
Granulocyte
Erythrocyte
Megakaryocyte
Monocyte
220
CFU-E cell line
Erythrocyte
221
CFU-Meg cell line
Megakaryocyte
222
CFU-M cell line
Monocyte
223
CFU-GM cell line
Granulocyte, monocyte
224
CFU-BASO cell line
Myeloid to basophil
225
CFU-EO cell line
Myeloid to eosinophil
226
CFU-G cell line
Myeloid to neutrophil
227
CFU-pre-T cell line
T lymphocyte
228
CFU-pre-B cell line
B lymphocyte
