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Anaemia Overview Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Definition of anemia

A

Reduction in O2 carrying capacity of the blood

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2
Q

Define anemia in adult males according to WHO standard

A

Hb less than 13g/dl in adult males

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3
Q

Define anemia in adult females according to WHO standard

A

Hb less than 12g/dl

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4
Q

Define anemia in children according to WHO standard

A

Hb less than 12g/do (6-14yrs)

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5
Q

Define anemia in neonates according to WHO standard

A

Hb less than 13.5g/dl

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6
Q

Ambient O2 may be affected by altitude T/F

A

T

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7
Q

Ventilation may be affected by

A

Poor ventilation perfusion ratio and anatomical dead space

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8
Q

What is the O2 tension of blood

A

20 volume%

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9
Q

In the arterial blood, O2 tension is approximately

A

20 vol%

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10
Q

In the venous blood, O2 tension is approximately

A

15 vol%

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11
Q

Arteriovenous O2 difference equals

A

5 vol%

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12
Q

Anemia tends to reduce arterio-venous O2 difference T/F

A

T

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13
Q

List the 4 adaptations to anemia

A
  1. Modulation of Hb O2 affinity
  2. Redistribution of blood flow
  3. Increase CO
  4. Reduction of venous O2 tension to increase Arterio-venous O2 difference
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14
Q

To modulate O2 affinity, what compound is increasingly produced to bind and stabilize Hb in its DEOXY form?

A

2,3 DPG

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15
Q

The Hb on red cells during anemia is (pH)

A

Alkaline

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16
Q

Alkalosis stimulates the production of what enzyme

A

1,3 DPG mutase

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17
Q

The modulation of O2 affinity promotes what pathway

A

Rapapport-Lueberig shunt of amended-Myerhoff pathway

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18
Q

1,3 DPG mutase converts 1.3 DPG to

A

2,3 DPG which binds and stabilizes Hb in its deoxy form allowing O2 to be delivered to the tissues.

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19
Q

Other conditions associated with increased 2,3 DPG production

A
  1. Hyperphosphataemia
  2. Renal failure
  3. Altitude hypoxia
  4. Pregnancy
  5. Cyanotic Congenital Heart disease
  6. Thyrotoxicosis
  7. Some red cell enzyme deficiencies
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20
Q

Conditions associated with reduced 2,3 DPG production

A
  1. Acidosis
  2. Cardiogenic shock
  3. Septicaemic shock
  4. Hypophosphataemia
  5. Hypothyroidism
  6. Transfusion with stored blood
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21
Q

Anemia causes profound *vasoconstriction/vasodilation *

A

Vasodilation

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22
Q

Anaemia causes increased/decreased peripheral resistance

A

Decreased

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23
Q

Anaemia causes narrow/wide pulse pressure

A

Wide

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24
Q

Increased/Decreased blood flow to myocardium

A

Increased

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25
*Increased/Decreased* Stroke volume
Increased
26
In anemia, there’s *Increased/Decreased* heart rate
Increased
27
*Increased/Decreased* Cardiac output
Increased
28
*Increased/Decreased* whole blood viscosity
Decreased
29
*Increased/Decreased* circulatory time
Decreased
30
Signs of failure of cardiovascular adaptive mechanisms
Palpitations Angina of effort Increased arterial pulsation Capillary pulsation Haemic murmurs Basal crepitations Cardiomegaly Peripheral oedema Ascites
31
Aetiology of anemia
Blood loss Decreased survival or rbcs Bone marrow failure
32
Anemia of blood loss - Acute losses
RTA Surgery Massive Antepartum Haemorrhage Massive Postpartum Haemorrhage Ruptured Ectopic DIC
33
Chronic Losses from the GIT can cause anemia. List diseases that cause haematemesis
Hiatus hernia Chronic Duodenal ulcer Gastric cancer Salicylate ingestion
34
List diseases that cause Haematochezia
Polyposis coli Diverticulosis Colonic cancers Haemorrhoids
35
Hookworms can cause Innocuos GIT loss T/F
T
36
List diseases that cause Haematuria
Bladder Cancer Schistomiasis Chronic Glomerulonephritis Ureteral stones/erosion Renal papillary necrosis Kidney cancers
37
Chronic losses from Female Genital
Cervical Erosions/Cervical cancer Endometriosis Endometrial cancer Bleeding endometrial fibroid Menorrhagia
38
Diseases that canes Haemoptysis
Tuberculosis Heart failure Wagener Granulomatosis Pulmonary infarctions Cancer of the Bronchi Cancer of the lungs
39
Chronic losses that cause anemia(Purpura)
Thrombocytopenia Vasculopathy Von Willebrand disease
40
Causes of haemathrosis
Coagulant protein deficiencies
41
Causes of Haematoma
Coagulant protein deficiencies
42
Examples of chronic losses
Haematemesis (Vomiting of Blood) Haematochezia (Blood in stool) Innocuous GIT loss Haematuria Chronic losses from female genitalia Haemoptysis (Chronic losses from lungs) Purpura (chronic losses to the skin) Haemathrosis (Losses into the joints) Haematoma (Losses to the soft tissues)
43
Types of Anaemia of decreased red cell survival
Intracorpuscular Extracorpuscular
44
Types of intracorpuscular defects
Membrane defects Cytoplasmic defects
45
Types of membrane defects
Acquired Inherited
46
Examples of Inherited Intracorpuscular Membrane Defects
Spherocytosis Elliptocytosis Stomatocytosis Pyropoikilocytosis Acanthocytosis
47
Example of an Acquired Intracorpuscular Membrane Defect
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria (PNH)
48
Examples of Cytoplasmic Defects - Enzymopathies
Enzymes of Embden-Myerhoff Pathway Enzymes of Pentose Phosphate Pathway
49
Enzymes of Embden-Myerhoff Pathways
Hexose kinase Pyruvate kinase
50
Enzymes of Pentose Phosphate pathway
G6PD Glutathione reductase Glutathione peroxidase Gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase Glutathione synthase
51
Types of Haemoglobinopathies
Qualitative defects Quantitative defects
52
List the Qualitative Haemoglobinopathies
Aggregating haemoglobins - S, C, D and E Unstable haemoglobins
53
List the Quantitative Haemoglobinopathies
Thalassaemias- alpha, beta and beta- delta
54
Other corpuscular defects
1. Low ATP concentration 2. ATPase deficiency 3. Erythropoietic porphyria 4. Increased red cell lecithin
55
Types of extra corpuscular defects
1. Immune Mechanisms 2. Chemicals/Drugs 3. Toxins/Poisons 4. Metals 5. Waste Metabolic Products 6. Infections 7. Intravascular Fragmentations 8. Heightened Phagocytic activity
56
Types of immune mechanisms
Warm reacting Antibodies Cold reacting antibodies
57
Types of warm reacting antibodies
Isoimmune Autoimmune
58
Causes of anemia due to isoimmune warm reacting antibodies
Transfusion Haemolytic disease of the new born
59
Causes of anaemia due to autoimmune warm reacting antibodies
SLE Idiopathic
60
Causes of decreased red cell survival due to cold reacting antibodies
Cold Agglutinin Syndrome Paroxysmal cold Haemoglobinuria
61
Apart from PNH, Acquired Membrane pathology can also be caused by Zeid’s triad
Alcoholic liver disease Hyperlipidemia Hemolytic anemias

Haematology (3 decks)

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