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Analytical Method Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

Distance between two successive peaks; expressed in nanometers

A

Wavelength

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2
Q

Range of visible light

A

400-700 nm

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3
Q

UV

A
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4
Q

Infrared

A

> 700 nm

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5
Q

Relationship between wavelength and energy is describe in

A

Planck’s formula

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6
Q

Number of vibrations of wave motion per second

A

Frequency

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7
Q

Note: Wavelength is INVERSELY proportional to frequency and energy.

⬆️ frequency = ⬇️ wavelength

A

Remeber this!

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8
Q

Wavelength in nanometers at peak transmittance

A

Nominal wavelength

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9
Q

Is the wavelength indicated on the control dial is the actual wavelength of light passed by the monochromator

A

Wavelength accuracy

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10
Q

Used to check for wavelength accuracy

A

Holmium oxide and didymium

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11
Q

Used to check for absorbance accuracy

A

Neutral density filters and dichromate solution

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12
Q

Is transmitted via electromagnetic waves that are characterized by their frequency and wavelength

A

Energy

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13
Q

Most common analytical method used in clinical chemistry

A

Colorimetry

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14
Q

Involves measurement pf the light transmitted by a solution to determine the concentration of the light absorbing substances in the solution

A

Spectrophotometry

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15
Q

Simplest type of absorption spectrometer; one measurement at a time at one specified wavelength

A

Single beam spectrophotometer

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16
Q

Instrument that splits the monochromatic light into two components

A

Double beam spectrophotometer

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17
Q

Note: 2 Types of Double-beam Spectro

Double beam in space - 2 photodetectors

Double beam in time - uses a rotator or chopper

A

Remember this!

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18
Q

Provides polychromatoc light and must generate sufficient radial energy or power to measure the analyte of interest

A

Light source

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19
Q

Type of a light source where it emits radiation that changes in intensity

A

Continuum souce

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20
Q

Type of light source wherein it emits limited radiation and wavelength

A

Line source

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21
Q

Most commonly used light souce in the visible and near infrared region

A

Tungsten light bulb

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22
Q

Light source for UV radiation

A

Deuterium lamp

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23
Q

Light source that produces a continous source of radiatoon which covers goth UV and the visible range

A

Xenon lamp

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24
Q

Minimizes unwanted or stray light

A

Entrance slit

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25
Any wavelength outside the band
Stray light
26
Isolates specific or individual wavelength
Monochromator
27
Wedge-shaped piece of glass, quartz or sodium chloride
Prism
28
Most commonly used monochromator
Diffraction gratings
29
Simple, least expensive; based on tue principle pf constructive interference of waves
Filters
30
Controls the width of light beam (bandpass)
Exit slit
31
Total range of wavelength transmitted
Bandpass
32
Note: The narrower the bandpass, the greater the resolution
Remember this!
33
Also known as the sample cell; it holds the solution
Cuvet
34
Most commonly used cuvet
Alumina silica glass
35
Cuvet for UV radiation
Quartz
36
It detects and converts transmitted light into photoelectric energy
Photodetector
37
Simplest photodetector; used in filter photometers; used for detecting and measuring radiation on the visible region; composed of selenium on a plate of iron covered with transparent later of silver
Barrier layer cell/ Photocell/ Photovoltaic cell
38
Contains cathode and anode; gives off electron when light energy strikes it
Phototube
39
Most commonly used detector; most sensitive
Photomultiplier tube (PMT)
40
Photodetector with excellent linearity
Photodiode
41
Displays the output
Read-out device
42
Concentration of unknown = absorbed light 🔁 amount of light transmitted
Beer's Law
43
Is performed using glass filters or solutions that have known absorbance values for specific wavelength
Absorbance check
44
Used to correct absorbance caused by the color of reagents
Blank reagent
45
Measures the light emitted by a single atom burned in flame
Flame emission photometry
46
Excitation of electrons from lower to higher energy state
FEP
47
What is the internal standard for FEP?
Lithium/Cesium
48
Note: FEP is used in the measurement of Sodium and Potassium
Remember this!
49
It measures the light absorbed by atoms dissociated by heat
Atomic Absorption Photometry
50
Element is not excited by merely dissociated from its chemical bond and place in its ground state
AAS
51
Note: | AAS is more sensitive; it does not need internal standard
Remember this!
52
A shift in wavelength under AAS die to the presence of intense magnetic field
Zeeman effect
53
The unknown sample is made to react with an indicator
Volumetric (Titrimetric)
54
Second major analytical method in CC
Turbidimetry
55
Determines the amount of light blocked
Turbidimetry
56
Determines the amount of scattered light
Nephelometry
57
Note: Turbidimetry - for protein and bacterial growth measurement Nephelometry - more sensitive; for Ag-Ab complex
Remember this!
58
Angle where light scattered is measured
15-90 degrees
59
Migration of charged particles in an electric field
Electrophoresis
60
Buffer for electrophoresis
Barbital pH of 8.6
61
Has a net charge that can be positive or negative depending on the pH conditions
Amphoteric
62
Movement of buffer ions and solvent relative to fixed support
Endosmosis
63
Migration of small charged ions
Iontophoresis
64
Migration of charged macromolecules
Zone electrophoresis
65
Electrophoresis support media where it separates by molecular size
Cellulose acetate
66
Separates by electrical charge and does not bind protein
Agarose gel
67
Separates on the basis of charge and molecular size; separates proteins into 20 fractions; used to study isoenzymes
Polyacrilamide gel
68
Measures the absorbance of stain
Densitometry
69
Separates molecules by migration through pH gradient
Isoelectric focusing
70
How is pH gradient created?
Add Acid to anodic area | Add Base to cathodic area
71
Net zero charge
Isoelectric point
72
Sample molecules are separated by electro-osmotic flow
Capillary electrophoresis
73
Involves separation of soluble components in a solution
Chromatography
74
2 forma of chromatography
Planar and Columnar
75
Used for fractionation of sugar and amino acid
Paper chromatography
76
Semiquantitive for drug testing
Thin layer chromatography
77
For separation of steroids, barbiturates, blood, alcohol and lipids
Gas chromatography
78
Detector for Gas liquid chromatography
Flame ionization
79
Based on the fragmentatiom and ionization of molecules
Mass spectroscopy
80
Note; Every drug has its own fingerprint pattern which is compared to a computer library of known fragmentations
Remember this!
81
Method used for detection of inborn error of metabolism
Tandem mass spectroscopy (MS/MS)
82
Gold standard for drug testing
GS/MS
83
It uses pressure for past separations
High performance liquid chromatography
84
For detecting nonvolatile substance in body fluids
Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy
85
For separation of amino acids and nucleic acids
Ion exchange chromatography
86
For the separation of therapeutic drugs and metabolites
Patitition chromatography (Liquid-liquid chromatography)
87
The so-called lock-and-key binding that is widely present in biologic systems
Affinity chromatography
88
It measures the amount of light intensity present over a zero background
Fluorometry
89
Determines the amount of light emitted by a molecule after excitation by electromagnetic radiation
Fluorometry
90
The chemical reaction yields an electronically excited compound that emits light as it returns to the ground state
Chemiluminescence
91
Based on measuring the colligative properties
Osmometry
92
Most commonly used method for measuring the changes in colligative properties of a solution
Freezing point depression
93
Measurement of electrical potential die to the activity of free ions
Potentiometry
94
Is am electrochemical transducer capable of responding to one given ion
Ion selective electrode
95
ISE membrane for Sodium
Glass aluminum silicate
96
ISE membrane for Potassium
Valinomycin
97
ISE membrane for calcium and lithium
Liquid membrane
98
Is the measuremt of the amount of electricity at a fixed potential
Coulometry
99
Is the measurement of the current flow produced by an oxidation reaction
Amperometry
100
Is the measurement of differences at a constant voltage
Polarography
101
Measurement of current after which potential is applied to an electrochemical cell
Voltammetry

CC (3 decks)

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