Analytical Techniques 2 Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
____ involves the separation of soluble components in a solution by specific differences.
A
Chromatography
2
Q
____ refers to the group of techniques used to separate complex mixtures.
A
Chromatography
3
Q
Chromatography refers to the group of techniques used to separate complex mixtures on the basis of different physical interaction between ____.
A
Individual compounds and stationary phase of the system
4
Q
2 Forms of Chromatography
A
- Planar
- Column
5
Q
Techniques under Planar Chromatography
A
- Paper
- Thin Layer
6
Q
Techniques under Column Chromatography
A
- Gas
- Liquid
7
Q
____ determines the fraction of sugar and amino acid.
A
Paper Chromatography
8
Q
Paper chromatography measures the fraction of ____.
A
sugar and amino acid
9
Q
In paper chromatography, the sorbent ____ is used.
A
Whatman paper
10
Q
____ is used for drug testing.
A
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
11
Q
TLC is used for ____.
A
drug testing
12
Q
____ is a semi-quantitative screening test.
A
Drug test
13
Q
In ____, each drug has a characteristic Rf value and it must match the Rf value with the standard.
A
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
14
Q
Rf value stands for ____.
A
Retention Factor
15
Q
____ is a relative distance of migration from the point of the application.
A
Retention factor (Rf)
16
Q
In TLC, the extraction of the drug is ____.
A
pH dependent
17
Q
Sorbet for TLC
A
Thin plastic plates impregnated with a layer of silica gel or alumina
18
Q
Kinds of Gas Chromatography
A
- Gas solid
- Gas liquid
- Mass Spectrometry
GC-MS
MS/MS
19
Q
Kinds of Liquid Chromatography
A
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
20
Q
____ has a gaseous mobile phase and a liquid stationary phase.
A
Gas Liquid Chromatography
21
Q
____ is used for the separation of steroids, barbiturates, blood, alcohol, and lipids.
A
Gas Chromatography
22
Q
Gas chromatography is used for the separation of ___.
A
- Steroids
- Barbiturates
- Blood
- Alcohol
- Lipids
23
Q
____ is useful for compounds that are naturally volatile or can be easily converted into a volatile form.
A
Gas Chromatography
24
Q
What is the indicator (detector) used in Gas chromatography?
A
Flame ionization
25
In gas chromatography, flame ionization is used as ____.
indicator (detector)
26
# **Gas Chromatography**
The elution order of volatile is based on their ____.
boiling point
27
# **Gas Chromatography**
Mobile Phase
* Nitrogen
* Helium
* Hydrogen
* Argon
28
# **Gas Chromatography**
Volatile substances mixed in the sample
* Heptane
* Acetone
29
Components of Gas Chromatography
* Carrier gas
* Flow controller
* Sample injector
* Column
* Thermostatic oven
* Detector
* Waste
30
____ is based on the fragmentation and ionization of molecules using suitable source of energy.
Mass Spectrometry (MS)
31
Mass Spectrometry (MS) is based on the ____ of molecules using suitable source of energy.
fragmentation and ionization
32
# **Mass Spectrometry**
The substance should be first separated by ____.
Gas Chromatography
33
In ____, the substance must be separated first by gas chromatography.
Mass Spectrometry
34
____ can also detect structural information and determination of molecular weight.
Mass Spectrometry
35
Mass spectrometry can also detect ____ and determination of ____.
structural information; molecular weight
36
____ is the gold standard for drug testing.
GC-MS
37
____ uses an electron beam to split the drug.
GC-MS
38
____ is used for xenobiotics, anabolic steroids, and pesticides.
GC-MS
39
____ can detect 20 in-born errors of metabolism from a single blood spot.
Tandem Mass Spectroscopy (MS/MS)
40
____ is based on the distribution of solutes between a liquid mobile phase and a stationary phase.
Liquid Chromatography
41
____ is the most widely used liquid chromatography.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
42
____ uses pressure for fast separations, controlled temperature, in-line detectors and gradient elution technique.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
43
____ is used for fraction of drugs, hormones, lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
44
____ is used for the separation and quantitation of various hemoglobins associated with specific diseases; rapid HbA1c.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
45
5 Separation Mechanisms used in Liquid Chromatography
* Gel permeation/filtration
* Ion exchange
* Partition
* Affinity
* Adsorption
46
____ separates molecules based on differences in their size and shape.
Gel Permeation/Gel Filtration
47
Gel Permeation/Filtration separates molecules based on differences in their ____.
size and shape
48
____ is used for the separation of enzymes, antibodies, and proteins.
Hydrophilic Gel (Gel Filtration)
49
____ is also known as Gel Filtration.
Hydrophilic Gel
50
Hydrophilic gel makes use of ____.
* Dextran
* Agarose
51
____ is used for the separation of triglycerides (TAG) and fatty acids (FA).
Hydrophobic Gel (Gel Permeation)
52
____ is also known as Gel Permeation.
Hydrophobic Gel
53
Hydrophobic gel makes use of ____.
Sephadex
54
____ is the exchange of sample ions and mobile ions with charged group of the stationary phase.
Ion Exchange Chromatography
55
____ resembles gas chromatography.
Ion Exchange Chromatography
56
____ is used for the separation of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Ion Exchange Chromatography
57
In ____, the separation of nucleic acids and proteins depends primarily on the size, shape, and ionic charge density.
Ion Exchange Chromatography
58
In ion exchange chromatography, separation of nucleic acids and proteins depends primarily on the ____.
size, shape, and ionic charge density
59
Liquid to liquid chromatography
Partition Chromatography
60
In ____, separation compounds are based on their partition between liquid mobile phase and a liquid stationary phase coated on a solid support.
Partition Chromatography
61
____ is used for the separation of therapeutic drugs and metabolites.
Partition Chromatography
62
____ uses immobilized biochemical ligands as the stationary phase.
Affinity Chromatography
63
Affinity chromatography uses ____ as the stationary phase.
immobilized biochemical ligands
64
____ uses the so-called lock and key binding for separation of substances.
Affinity Chromatography
65
____ is used for the separation of LPP, CHO, and glycated Hgb.
Affinity Chromatography
66
____ is used to separate and prepare larger quantities of proteins and antibodies for study.
Affinity Chromatography
67
Liquid to solid chromatography
Adsorption Chromatography
68
In ____, separation is based on the differences between adsorption and desorption of solute at the surface of solid particles.
Adsorption Chromatography
69
In adsorption chromatography, the compounds are adsorbed to a solid support such as ____.
silica or alumina
70
Fluorometry is also known as ____.
Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry
71
____ measures the amount of light intensity present over a zero background.
Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry
72
____ is almost similar to colorimetry.
Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry
73
**Principle:** It determines the amount of light emitted by a molecule after excitation by electromagnetic radiation.
Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry
74
# **Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry**
Light source
* Mercury arc
* Xenon lamp
* Wavelength (365-366 nm)
75
# **Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry**
Light detectors
Photomultiplier tube or phototube
76
Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry uses how many monochromators?
2
77
# **Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry**
The ____ selects wavelength that is best absorbed by the solution to be measured.
Primary filter
78
# **Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry**
____ prevents incident light from striking the photodetector.
Secondary filter
79
Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry is ____ more sensitive than spectrophotometer.
1000x
80
____ is affected by quenching, pH and temperature changes, chemical contaminants and UV light changes.
Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry
81
**Uses:** measurement of porphyrins, magnesium, calcium and cathecolamine.
Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry
82
How is chemiluminescence different from fluoroscence and phosphofluorescence?
The emission of light is created from a chemical or electrochemical reaction rather than from absorption of electrochemical energy.
83
In ____, the emission of light is created from a chemical or electrochemical reaction rather than from absorption of electrochemical energy.
Chemiluminescence
84
In ____, no excitation radiation is needed and no monochromators are needed.
Chemiluminescence
85
____ is more sensitive than fluoroscence.
Chemiluminescence
86
In ____, the chemical reaction yields an electronically excited compound that emits light as it returns to its ground state, or that transfers its energy to another compound, which then produces emission.
Chemiluminescence
87
____ involves the oxidation of an organic compound by an oxidant.
Chemiluminescence
88
# **Chemiluminescence**
Examples of organic compound
* Dioxetane
* Luminol
* Acridinium ester
89
# **Chemiluminescence**
Examples of oxidants
* Hypochlorite
* Hydrogen peroxide
* Oxygen
90
Chemiluminescence is used for ____.
immunoassays
91
____ is used for immunoassays.
Chemiluminescence
92
Photodector for Chemiluminescence
Photomultiplier Tube (PMT (luminator)
93
____ is the measurement of the osmolality of an aqueous solution such as serum, plasma, and urine.
Osmometry
94
____ is based on measuring changes in the colligative properties of solutions.
Osmometry
95
Osmotic Particles
* Glucose
* Urea
* Nitrogen
* Sodium
96
____ is the most commonly used method for measuring the changes in colligative properties.
Freezing Point Depression Osmometry
97
____ is the measurement of current or voltage generated by the activity of specific ions.
Electrochemistry Techniques
98
____ is used for the measurement of blood gas, blood pH, electrolytes, glucose, urea, ionized Calcium, lead and Chloride.
Electrochemistry Techniques
99
Electrochemistry Techniques
* Potentiometry
* Coulometry
* Amperometry
* Voltammetry
100
Potentiometry
Ion Selective Electrode
101
Amperometry
Polarography
102
____ measures the electrical potential due to the activity of free ions.
Potentiometry
103
____ is the measurement of differences in voltage at a constant current.
Potentiometry
104
____ follows the Nernst Equation.
Potentiometry
105
Potentiometry follows the ____ equation.
Nernst
106
# **Potentiometry**
Reference Electrodes
* Saturated calomel
* Silver-silver chloride
107
Uses of Potentiometry
pH and pCO2
108
____ measures the activity of one ion much more than the other ions present in the sample.
Ion Selective Electrode
109
Ion selectivity depends on the ____.
membrane or barrier composition
110
# **Ion Selective Electrode**
Interferences
Excess protein
111
2 Types of Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)
* Direct
* Indirect
112
# **2 Types of Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)**
without sample dilution
Direct ISE
113
# **2 Types of Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)**
with sample dilution
Indirect ISE
114
# **Ion Selective Electrode**
Glass aluminum silicate is used for ____.
Na
115
# **Ion Selective Electrode**
Valinomycin gel is used for ____.
K
116
# **Ion Selective Electrode**
Organic liquid membrane ion exchanger is used for ____.
Ca and Li
117
pH Electrodes
* Indicator
* Reference
118
# **pH Electrode**
Silver wire coated with AgCl, immersed into an internal solution of 0.1 mmol/HCl, and placed into a tube containing a special glass membrane tip.
Indicator electrode
119
# **pH Electrode**
Calomel is in direct contact with metallic mercury in an electrolyte solution of potassium chloride.
Reference electrode
120
Other parts of pH electrode
* Liquid junction
* Read-out meter
121
3 Major ISE Types
* Inert metal
* Metal
* Membrane
122
# **3 Types of ISE**
____ is in contact with a redox couple.
Inert Metal Electrode
123
# **3 Types of ISE**
____ participate in a redox reaction.
Metal Electrodes
124
____ is used for the measurement of the electricity at a fixed potential.
Coloumetry
125
____ is an electrochemical titration in which the titrant is electrochemically generated.
Coulometry
126
In ____, the endpoint is detected by amperometry.
Coulometry
127
____ follows the Faraday's Law.
Coulometry
128
Coulometry follows the ____ law.
Faraday's
129
Use of Coulometry
Chloride test
130
Interferences in Coulometry
* Bromide
* Cyanide
* Cysteine
131
____ is the measurement of the current flow produced by oxidation reaction.
Amperometry
132
____ is the measurement of differences in current at a constant voltage.
Polarography
133
____ follows Ilkovic equation.
Polarography
134
Polarography follows the ____ equation.
Ilkovic
135
____ is the measurement of the current after which a potential is applied to an electrochemical cell.
Voltammetry
136
____ allows sample to be preconcentrated thus utilizing minimal analyte.
Voltammetry
137
____ is used for lead and iron testing.
Anodic Stripping Voltammetry
138
Anodic stripping voltammetry is used for ____.
lead and iron testing
