Automation and Terminologies Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
____ is a technique, method, or system of operating or controlling a process by highly automatic means, reducing human intervention to a minimum.
A
Automation
2
Q
The modern clinical chemistry uses a high degree of ____.
A
Automation
3
Q
Automation permits the operator to focus on manual processes and increasing both ____.
A
efficiency and capacity
4
Q
During the ____, laboratory testing was completely manual.
A
1950s
5
Q
During the 1950s, laboratory testing was ____.
A
completely manual
6
Q
____ was the first to release auto-analyzer.
A
Leonard Skeggs
7
Q
____ reagent flow continuously through channels.
A
Continuous flow technology
8
Q
During the ____, the first commercial centrifugal analyzer was produced.
A
1970s
9
Q
The ____ was a spinoff technology from NASA.
A
Centrifugal analyzer
10
Q
____ invented the Automatic Clinical Analyzer in 1970.
A
DuPont
11
Q
DuPont invented the ____.
A
Automatic Clinical Analyzer
12
Q
Automatic Clinical Analyzer is now called ____.
A
Siemens
13
Q
Phases of Laboratory Testing
A
- Pre-analytical
- Analytical
- Post-analytical
14
Q
Phases of Laboratory Testing
Focuses on sample collection and processing
A
Pre-analytical
15
Q
____ is when the specimen is obtained outside the facility.
A
Courier Service
16
Q
____ is the earliest automated transport system introduced and still used today.
A
Pneumatic Tube System
17
Q
____ occurs when a test is not available inside the lab.
A
Sent Out Tests
18
Q
Phases of Laboratory Testing
Chemical analysis
A
Analytical
19
Q
Phases of Laboratory Testing
Processing of tests
A
Analytical
20
Q
Phases of Laboratory Testing
Data management
A
Post-analytical
21
Q
Phases of Laboratory Testing
Releasing of results
A
Post-analytical
22
Q
Phases of Laboratory Testing
Storing of specimen after processing
A
Post-analytical
23
Q
Definition of Terms
Number of tests that can be performed on the instrument
A
Test repertoire
24
Q
Definition of Terms
Only performs requested tests
A
Selective
25
# **Definition of Terms**
Maintain time required to obtain results after the initial sampling of the specimen.
Dwell time
26
# **Definition of Terms**
Maximum number of samples or tests that can be processed in an hour.
Throughput
27
# **Definition of Terms**
Labor maintenance, reagents, calibration, quality control, consumables and capital.
Cost
28
# **Definition of Terms**
A list of the analytes or tests that a laboratory would be able to provide for patient testing.
Test
29
# **Definition of Terms**
The number of test results that are generated by the laboratory during a given time.
Workload
30
# **Definition of Terms**
The ability of an operator to program the instrument to perform other tasks while the instrument processes the tests.
Walk-away capability
31
# **Definition of Terms**
A means of providing positive sample identification
Bar code
32
# **Definition of Terms**
The lowest value that can reliably be detected by a method without providing a false-positive result.
Selectivity
33
# **Definition of Terms**
The ability to measure only the analyte requested.
Specificity
34
# **Definition of Terms**
Reagent stability before use
Shelf life
35
# **Definition of Terms**
Occurs when previous samples have a higher or lower results.
Carry over
36
# **Definition of Terms**
This occurs in system that reuse cuvettes that are insufficiently washed after each testing cycle.
Carry over
37
# **Definition of Terms**
The time the analyzer is not in use
Maintenance time (Downtime)
38
# **Definition of Terms**
A system other than manufacturer's reagents that can be utilized for measurement.
Open Reagent System
39
# **Definition of Terms**
A system where the operator can only use the manufacturer's reagent.
Closed Reagent System
40
# **Definition of Terms**
All samples are loaded at the same time, and a single test is conducted on each sample.
Batch Testing
41
# **Definition of Terms**
More than one test is analyzed concurrently on a given clinical specimen.
Parallel Testing
42
# **Definition of Terms**
Any test can be performed on any sample in any sequence.
Random Access Testing
43
# **Definition of Terms**
Multiple tests analyzed one after another on a given specimen.
Sequential Testing
44
Phases of Chemistry Analyzer Operation
* Identification and Preparation
* Chemical reaction
* Data Collection and Analysis
45
# **Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation**
Collection and preparation of the sample
Identification and Preparation
46
# **Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation**
Tests to be performed
Identification and Preparation
47
# **Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation**
Sample identification
Identification and Preparation
48
# **Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation**
Sample and reagent measurements
Chemical reaction
49
# **Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation**
Sample and reagent mixing
Chemical reaction
50
# **Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation**
Specimen delivery
Chemical reaction
51
# **Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation**
Incubation
Chemical reaction
52
# **Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation**
Monitoring or sensing the reaction result
Data Collection and Analysis
53
# **Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation**
Quantitating the reaction result
Data Collection and Analysis
54
# **Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation**
Visualizing the results
Data Collection and Analysis
55
# **Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation**
Send results in LIS
Data Collection and Analysis
56
Types of Automatic Analyzer
* Continuous Flow
* Discrete Sampling
* Centrifugal
* Thin Film
Discretionary type
Non-discretionary type
57
____ was developed by Leonard Skeggs in 1957.
Continuous Flow Analyzer
58
Continuous Flow Analyzer was developed by ____.
Leonard Skeggs
59
When was Continuous Flow Analyzer developed?
1957
60
____ has won wide acceptance in both routine and research laboratories.
Continuous Flow Analyzer
61
Examples of Continuous Flow Analyzer
* Technicon Autoanalyzer II
* SMA 6/60
* SMA 12/60
* SMAC
62
____ is capable of running 3 different tests at 60-80 samples per hour.
Technicon Autoanalyzer II
63
Technicon Autoanalyzer II is capable of running ____ different tests at ____ samples per hour.
3; 60-80
64
____ is capable of running 6 tests at 60 samples per hour.
SMA 6/60
65
____ is capable of running 12 tests at 60 samples per hour.
SMA 12/60
66
____ is capable of running 40 tests at 120 samples per hour.
SMAC
67
SMAC is capable of running ____ tests at ____ samples per hour.
40; 120
68
SMA stands for ____.
Simultaneous Multiple Analyzer
69
SMAC stands for ____.
Simultaneous Multiple Analyzer + Computer
70
# **Principle**
All samples are carried through the same analysis pathway. All samples automatically pass from one-step to another. The reactions are not necessarily carried to equilibrium since samples and standards are treated exactly alike.
Continuous Flow Analyzer
71
# **Principle**
All samples automatically pass from one-step to another.
Continuous Flow Analyzer
72
# **Principle**
The reactions are not necessarily carried to equilibrium since samples and standards are treated exactly alike.
Continuous Flow Analyzer
73
# **Continuous Flow Analyzer**
Liquids are pumped through a system of ____.
continuous tubing
74
# **Continuous Flow Analyzer**
Samples flow through a ____.
common reaction vessel/pathway
75
# **Continuous Flow Analyzer**
There is a presence of ____ at regular intervals.
air bubbles
76
# **Continuous Flow Analyzer**
____ serve as separating and cleaning media.
Air bubbles
77
# **Continuous Flow Analyzer**
A ____ maintains the required temperature of the reaction to allow complete color development.
heating bath
78
# **Continuous Flow Analyzer**
____ is controlled by temperature.
Reaction rate
79
# **Continuous Flow Analyzer**
Reaction rate is controlled by ____.
temperature
80
# **Continuous Flow Analyzer**
Mixing samples and reagents by using a ____ inserted into the flow path.
glass coil
81
# **Continuous Flow Analyzer**
Disadvantage
All tests are performed in parallel
82
The disadvantage of ____ is that all tests are performed in parallel.
Continuous Flow Analyzer
83
Features of Continuous Flow Analyzer
* Plastic tubings
* Air bubbles
* Removal of proteins
* Flow-through of cuvette
* Record read-out
84
# **Continuous Flow Analyzer**
Plastic tubings come with a ____ for the continuous pumping of reagents or samples.
peristaltic pump
85
# **Continuous Flow Analyzer**
____ separate samples and reagent; continuous scrubbing; prevention of carry-over.
Air bubbles
86
Parts of Continuous Flow Analyzer
* Sampler
* Pumps and Manifolds
* Dialyzer
* Heating bath
* Detector-Recorder
87
# **Principle**
Each sample reaction is handled in separate compartment and does not come into contact with another sample.
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
88
# **Principle**
The samples and standards are handled on a batch basis and must be brought before proceeding to the next procedure.
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
89
# **Principle**
All reactions must be carried out until equilibrium is reached.
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
90
____ is the most popular and versatile analyzer.
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
91
____ measures only the test requested on a sample.
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
92
____ is capable of measuring 2-6 uL of the sample.
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
93
Discrete Sampling Analyzer is capable of measuring ____ of the sample.
2-6 uL
94
____ is capable of running multiple-tests-one-sample-at-a-time *(sequential testing)*.
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
95
In ____, each sample-reagent mixture handled separately in its own reaction vessel.
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
96
For ____, the spreading layer permits a rapid uniform spreading layer over the reagent.
dry slide technology
97
# **Discrete Sampling Analyzer**
**Mixing:** magnetic driven teflon stirring bar
Beckman
98
# **Discrete Sampling Analyzer**
**Mixing:** forceful dispensing, magnetic stirring bars
Astra
99
# **Discrete Sampling Analyzer**
**Mixing:** rotating paddle and ultrasonic energy
Paramax
100
Examples of Discrete Sampling Analyzer
* Vitros
* Beckman
* ASTRA
* Roche Cobas Integra 800
101
Major advantage of Discrete Sampling Analyzer
Random Access Capability, allows STAT samples to be easily tested
102
The major advantages of ____ are random access capability, and allows STAT samples to be easily tested.
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
103
____ uses the force generated by centrifugation to transfer specimen and reagents.
Centrifugal Analyzer
104
In ____, liquids are placed in separate cuvette for measurement.
Centrifugal Analyzer
105
# **Centrifugal Analyzer**
Liquids are placed in separate cuvette for measurement at the perimeter of spinning rotor ____ rpm.
1000
106
____ uses acceleration and deceleration of the rotor to transfer the reagents and sample from one chamber to another.
Centrifugal Analyzer
107
# **Principle**
As the rotor accelerated, centrifugal force moves the reagents and sample to a mixing chamber and then through a small channel into the cuvette.
Centrifugal Analyzer
108
# **Principle**
As the filled cuvette rotates past a fixed light beam, the absorbance of the reaction is measured spectrophotometrically.
Centrifugal Analyzer
109
Examples of Centrifugal Analyzer
* Centifichem
* RotoChem
110
In ____, samples are loaded at the same time and only one sample is being tested.
Centrifugal Analyzer
111
# **Principle**
Composed of 60 mm2 chip that contains several very thin layers accepts a meter drop of serum, spreads it evenly into a reagent layer, and then confines the colored product to the fixed area for reflectance spectrophotometry.
Thin Film Analyzer (Dry Slide Technology)
112
Layers of Thin Film Analyzer
* Spreading layer (top)
* Reagent layer
* Indicator layer
* Support layer (bottom)
113
Examples of Thin Film Analyzer
* Kodak EktaChem
* Vitros
* Beckman ASTRA
* Roche Cobas Integra 80 Thin Layer Film Analyzer
