ANAT FINALL ALLL Flashcards
(259 cards)
1
Q
Movement away from the body in the frontal plane is called _______
A
abduction
2
Q
A patient presents with a Trendelenburg gait, in which the right hip drops during swing phase. What two muscle groups should be strengthened to correct this?
A
The left hip abductors and the right trunk sidebenders
3
Q
The knee is ___________ to the ankle.
A
proximal
4
Q
The normal angle of inclination of the sacrum is approximately…
A
40 degrees of anterior tilt
5
Q
A _____ connects bone to bone, while a ______ connects muscle to bone.
A
ligament: tendon
6
Q
The angle of inclination of the femur is normally about ___. A larger angle is called ____ and results in ____.
A
130 degrees : coxa valga : varus of the knee
7
Q
The length-tension relationship of muscle demonstrates that …
A
A muscle can produce more force at a mid-range position
8
Q
When testing the patellar tendon reflex, the _____ is stimulated, which results in ______ of the quadriceps.
A
Golgi tendon: contraction
9
Q
atlas
A
C1
10
Q
axis
A
C2
11
Q
cervical vertebrae
A
7
12
Q
thoracic vertebrae
A
12
13
Q
lumbar vertebrae
A
5
14
Q
sacrum
A
5 fused vertebrae
15
Q
cervical spine curve
A
Lordotic curve
16
Q
thoracic spine curve
A
kyphotic curve
17
Q
Standing squat, lowering phase
Standing squat, rising phase
Bicep curl, lifting phase
Bicep curl, lowering phase
A
Closed chain, eccentric muscle contraction
Closed chain, concentric muscle contraction
Open chain, concentric muscle contraction
Open chain, eccentric muscle contraction
18
Q
The ___ prevents anterior movement of the tibia on the femur, while the ___ prevents posterior movement of the tibia on the femur.
A
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL):posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
19
Q
Head flexing on the neck
A
first class lever
20
Q
Rising up on the toes (standing plantarflexion)
A
second class lever
21
Q
Performing a bicep curl (lifting phase)
A
third class lever
22
Q
During an isokinetic contraction, the quality that remains constant is …
A
the speed of movement
23
Q
knee joint shape
A
condyloid or ellipsoid
same thing
24
Q
hip joint shape
A
ball and socket
25
pubic symphysis joint shape
cartilaginous
26
sacroiliac joint shape
irregular plane
27
proximal radio-ulnar joint shape
pivot
28
Movement of the wrist medially in the frontal plane is called ________.
ulnar deviation
29
The humero-ulnar joint has ___ degree(s) of freedom, while the glenohumeral joint has ___ degree(s) of freedom.
one: three
30
A broad sheet of connective tissue that serves as an attachement for muscles is called a(n)...
aponeurosis
31
A joint that contains synovial fluid is called (select all that apply)...
synovial and diarthrodial
32
Which of the following motions is generally considered a sagittal plane motion?
flexion and extenion
33
Landmarks for measuring Q-angle are...
ASIS, center of the patella, tibial tuberosity
34
ober test
TFL and IT band
35
thomas test
rectus formoris
36
90-90 test
hamstring
37
Which of the following joints is an articulation between the appendicular and axial skeleton?
sternoclavicular joint
38
When the hip extensors are contracting to produce a movement, the hip flexors are acting as a(n)...
antagonist
39
Plantarflexion and Dorsiflexion occurs on which plane
sagittal
40
Inversion and Eversion
frontal
41
Forefoot Abduction and Forefoot Adduction
transverse
42
pronation and supination
tri-planer movement
43
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of an isometric contraction?
Can result in an increase in strength across a full range of motion
44
The stability of an object increases when...
when the center of gravity is lowered
45
The talocrural joint is made up of...
The tibia, fibula, and talus
46
According to the convex-concave rule, when a convex surface is moving on a concave surface, the slide or glide of a joint will occur in the...
opposite direct of the movement of the bone
47
During full shoulder abduction in standing, which group of scapular muscles is contracting?
upward rotators; concentrically
48
In connective tissue, ______ provides plasticity while ______ provides elasticity.
collagen: elastin
49
If we pause the motion at the very end of push-off, in what position are the lower extremity joints of the reference limb? Select all that apply.
Ankle plantarflexion
Ankle dorsiflexion
Knee near full extension
Knee near full flexion
Hip extended
Hip flexed
Pelvis rotated anteriorly
Pelvis rotated posteriorly
Ankle plantarflexion
Knee near full extension
Hip extended
Pelvis rotated posteriorly
50
The normal spinal curvatures exist is which plane?
sagittal
51
If we pause the motion at the point of heel strike, in what position are the lower extremity joints of the reference limb? Select all the apply.
Ankle plantarflexion
Ankle dorsiflexion
Knee near full extension
Knee near full flexion
Hip extended
Hip flexed
Pelvis rotated anteriorly
Pelvis rotated posteriorly
Ankle dorsiflexion
Knee near full extension
Hip flexed
Pelvis rotated anteriorly
52
When the pelvis tilts anteriorly, the lumbar spine ____. When the pelvis tilts posteriorly, the lumbar spine ____.
extends: flexes
53
When the lumbar spine flexes, in which direction does the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disks move?
posteriorly
54
When the midfoot in "locked" the foot is in a ______ position. When the midfoot is "unlocked" the foot is in a ______ position.
pronated: supinated
55
Concentric contraction
A muscle shortens as it contracts
56
Eccentric contraction
A muscle lengthens as it contracts
57
Isometric contraction
A muscle does not change length as it contracts
58
Reversal of action
The origin moves toward the insertion
59
60
The medial (ulnar) collateral ligament of the elbow stabilizes against a ____ force, while the lateral (radial) collateral ligament stabilizes against a ____ force.
valgus (lateral): varus (medial)
| arm is in anatomical position...
61
The screw home mechanism in open chain involves...
Lateral rotation of the tibia at end range knee extension
62
The axis of rotation for a movement occurring in the sagittal plane runs in what direction?
medial-lateral
63
The torsion angle of the femur is normally about ___. Greater than this amount is called ____ and results in ____.
15 degrees : anteversion : toe in
64
The carrying angle of the elbow is approximately...
10 degrees of valgus
65
In the anatomical position, the arm is in the position of...
Shoulder external rotation, elbow extension, and forearm supination
66
This principle states that bone will grow in response to stress on the tissue.
wolff's law
67
Aponeurosis
broad, flat tendon that serves as a means
to connect muscle to bone
68
ground substance
jelly-like fluid allowing movement and cell nourishment
69
Protein fibers
collagen- stretch
elastin- flexibility
reticular- structure
70
cells (blasts)
fibroblasts- make fibers
osteoblasts- make bones
chondroblasts- make cartilage
71
Collagen produces...
stretch
72
Elastin produces...
flexability
73
Reticular produces...
structure
74
3 components of connective tissue
ground substance
cells
protein fibers
75
Wolff's law
bone will change its structure to adapt to stress
76
Ligaments
bone to bone (crosshatched)
77
Tendons
muscle to bone (parallel alignment)
78
hyperextension
Genu recurvatum
79
flexion/ extension occurs in which plane...
sagittal
80
abduction/adduction occurs in which plane...
frontal
81
internal/external rotation occurs in which plane...
transverse
82
pronation/supination (hand and foot) occurs in which plane...
all three planes
| tri-planar
83
dorsiflexion/plantar flexion occurs in which plane...
sagittal
84
horizontal abduction/adduction occurs in which plane...
transverse
85
inversion/eversion occurs in which plane...
frontal
86
protraction/retraction (scapula and head) occurs in which plane...
sagittal
87
radial/ulnar deviation occurs in which plane...
frontal
88
circumlocution occurs in which plane...
transverse
89
classifying joints by function
Synarthrosis – allowing little or no movement
Amphiarthrosis – allowing limited movement
Diarthrosis – freely moveable
90
classifying joint by structure
Fibrous – no space, dense tissue holds together
Cartilaginous – no space, held together by cartilage
Synovial – space, held together by a joint capsule
91
fibrous joint by be...
*synarthrosis (no movement)- skull sutures and gomphosis between teeth and jaw
*amphiarthrosis (slight movement)- interosseous membrane and distal tib-fib joint
92
cartilaginous joint may be...
amphiarthrosis (slight movement)- synchondrosis between ribs and sternum and pubic symphysis
93
synovial joints may be...
diarthrosis (freely movable)- shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, wrists, etc.
94
moving elbow into extension, but position is flexed...
you are flexed but extending
95
joints must be...
mobile and stable
96
Hinge joint
o Shaped like a door hinge
o One degree of freedom
o Joint between the humerus and ulna
is an example
97
pivot joint
o Allows one degree of freedom
o Proximal radio-ulnar joint is an example
o doorknob
98
ellipsoid joint
o Allows two degrees of freedom
o Radiocarpal joint is example
o Book uses analogy of an egg in your palm
99
saddle joint
o Joint surface is concave in one
direction, and convex in the other. Has
an articulating surface that matches
o Allows for two degrees of freedom
o CMC joints are example
100
ball-and-socket joint
o Ball and matching cup-like socket
o Allows for three degrees of freedom
o Shoulder and hip are examples
101
gliding/plane joint
o Articulation between two flat surfaces
of bone.
o Joints slide on each other
o Zero degrees of freedom – nonaxial.
o Joints between the carpals are an
example.
o Book uses the analogy of sliding a book
on a table.
102
concave on convex
same direction
103
convex on concave
opposite direction
104
Concave and convex-starting at shoulder going down to wrist
A = concave
X = convex
A X X A A X
105
Open chain
distal portion moves
proximal is stationary
-hands/feet moving, hips and shoulders are fixed
ex) biceps curl, leg extensions
106
Closed chain
proximal portion moves
distal is stationary
- hands/ feet are fixed, hips and shoulders moving
ex) pushups, squats
107
concentric
- muscle length is shortening
- LIFT a load
108
eccentric
- muscle length is lengthening
- LOWER a load, SLOW DOWN a load, and ABSORBS forces
109
agonist
- prime mover
- causing movement
110
antagonist
muscle performs opposite motion against agonist (prime mover)
111
synergist
- assists agonist (prime mover) by stabilizing
- weak assistance
112
active insufficiency
SHORTENING A MUSCLE SO ITS WEAKER, ALLOWING SURROUNDING MUSCLE TO BE STRETCHED
- muscles become too short to allow further contraction---> make muscle shorter to allow further movement
- a 2 joint muscle is unable to actively shorten the muscle over both joints
113
passive insufficiency
STRETCHING A MUSCLE ACROSS ALL OF ITS JOINTS
- 2 joint muscles STRETCHED over both joints will show limitations of motions, not apparent when stretching over each joint separately
114
length-tension relationship
a muscle is stronger mid-range compared to being shortened or lengthened
-----due to number of sarcomeres available to 'help out'
115
reversal of action
muscle can reverse their action, having the origin move towards the insertion; typically closed chain
-----typical contraction = insertion moves toward orgin
116
force couples
muscles work together to produce rotational movement by action in equal and opposite directions resulting in a single rotational movement
117
Excursion
The degree to which a muscle can change in length
--- usually shortens or lengthens to half of its resting length
---ex) if resting length is 8", then it can be stretched 12" or shortened (contracted) to 4" ==> excursion of 8'
118
Golgi tendon organ
notifies spinal chord of tension in muscle/tendon and causes it to relax to protect against damage
119
nervous system function
coordinates, controls, and communicates through the whole body
120
CNS
brain and spinal chord
121
PNS
-somatic
-autonomic
-----sympathetic
-----parasympathetic
122
efferent
motor
123
afferent
sensory
124
Scapulohumeral rhythm
2:1 ratio
Total of 180 degree abduction
- humerus moves 120
- scapula mores 60
125
2:1 ratio of humerus to scapula rotation for full elevation and abduction
scapulohumeral rhythm
126
first class lever
FAR
- seesaw
- head on cervical vertebrea
127
second class lever
ARF
- wheelbarrow
- lowering an object
128
third class lever
AFR
- shoveling
- lifting a weight
129
FAR
1st class lever
130
ARF
2nd class lever
131
AFR
3rd class lever
132
Rules of stability
1) The lower the COG more stable the base
2) greater mass = more stability
3) COG must pass through the BOS for stability
4) Increases BOS and increase stability
5) Increased friction between BOS and surface increases stability
133
Vectors...
magnitude and direction
134
resultant force
two or more forces acting on an object
135
concurrent force
create a resultant force
- ex) gluteus medius
136
The major components of
connective tissues are
1. Cells
2. Protein fibers
3. Ground substance
137
Blast cells – (blast means “_____”)
maker'
a) Fibroblast – major cell of connective tissue
b) Chondroblast – found in connective tissue, esp. cartilages
c) Osteoblast – found in bone
138
Protein fibers
a) Collagen fibers
b) Elastin fibers
c) Reticular fibers
139
Blast cells are builders or makers.
Their cellular arch-nemesis are the _____ cells,
which are destroyers
clast
140
collagen
STRENGTH- major protein fiber in the body.
It provides strength and resistance to stress (tensile
strength) to tissue. The more collagen in a tissue, the
stronger it is.
141
elastin
FLEXABILITY- thin fiber that is like a thin piece of
elastic. The more elastin in a tissue, the better the tissue can elongate and then return to the original length.
142
reticular fibers
STRUCTURE- framework or lattice
to support blood vessels and nerves. Sort of nature’s trellis.
143
What Connective Tissue Needs
strength (collagen) , flexibility (elastin), structure (reticular fibers)
144
Ground substance
jelly-like fluid that the cells and fibers are sitting
in; allows movement
145
Stretch
ability to stretch to some
degree without being damaged or torn
146
plasticity
quality of being plastic, refers to the
tissue’s ability to alter it’s shape/length
More collagen = more plasticity
147
creep
Connective tissues that are
exposed to steady forces for a
long time will change shape
responsible for postural changes
148
tensile strength
Tensile strength refers
to the ability to withstand stresses in two opposing
directions without tearing
149
Thixotrophy
ground substance changes from a firm gel to a liquid when it’s heated or warmed
ex) honey
150
Piezoelectric
electricity that is caused from pressure.
Soft tissues exhibit the generation of a slight electric charge when they are squeezed or compressed.
151
colloidal
property of resisting compression yet being malleable. The nature of colloids is that they don’t resist movement if you move SLOWLY through the substance. However, if you attempt to move quickly, the material takes on the property of a solid.
ex) cornstarch and water
152
Foramen,fossa, groove, meatus, sinus
Depressions or openings
153
Condyle, eminence, facet, head
projections that fit into joints
154
Crest, epicondyle, line, spine, trochanter, tubercle,
tuberosity
projects for tendons and ligaments
155
Fibrocartilage
Toughest type
156
Elastic cartilage
stretchy type
157
Hyaline cartilage
common type
158
ligaments
BONE TO BONE
Purpose is generally to stabilize a joint.
Ligaments are composed of connective tissue that is
arranged in a cross hatched alignment to provide tensile
strength.
159
tendons
MUSCLE TO BONE
Purpose is to provide a method of attachment of a muscle
belly to the bone in order to move the bone.
Tendons are composed of connective tissue that is arranged
in a parallel alignment to resist stress in one direction.
160
hyperextension
usually elbows and knees
“Genu recurvatum”
161
Spinal Movements
Flexion/extension
Lateral bending or side bending
Rotation
162
Sagittal Plane
flexion/extension
163
Frontal Plane
abduction/adduction
164
Transverse Plane
rotation
165
how can you classify joint
structure and function
166
Synarthrosis (classifying joints by function)
allowing little or no movement
167
Amphiarthrosis (classifying joints by function)
allowing limited movement
168
Diarthrosis (classifying joints by function)
freely moving
169
Fibrous (classifying joints by structure)
no space, dense tissue holds together
170
Cartilaginous (classifying joints by structure)
no space, held together by cartilage
171
Synovial (classifying joints by structure)
space, held together by a joint capsule
172
Nonaxial – carpals –
0 DOF
173
Uniaxial –elbow –
1 DOF
174
Biaxial – wrist, knee –
2 DOF
175
Triaxial – hip, shoulder –
3 DOF
176
7 joint classifications based on joint SHAPE:
1. HINGE
2. PIVOT
3. ELLIPSOID
4. BALL AND SOCKET
5. PLANE
6. SADDLE
7. CONDYLOID
177
scapula and humeral movers/ shoulder joint
1. Deltoid – anterior, middle,
posterior
2. RTCs – supraspinatus,
infraspinatus, teres minor,
subscapularis
3. Pectoralis major
4. Latissimus dorsi & teres
major
5. Coracobrachialis
6. Biceps brachii
7. Triceps brachii (long head)
178
1. shoulder girdle bones
2. shoulder girdle joints
1. scapula and clavicle
2. acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, scapulothoracic (AC, SC, ST)
179
1. shoulder joint bones
2. shoulder joints
1. scapula and humeral
2. glenohumeral
180
Most common cause of scapular
winging is serratus anterior
weakness, often caused by...
weakened serratus anterior
| resulting from long thoracic nerve damage
181
shoulder complex: nerves
- long thoracic
orgin= originates from the upper part of the brachial plexus's superior trunk then inserts into the serratus anterior muscle
- spinal accessory- ravels parallel to the spine of the scapula
- musculocutaneous- emerges at the inferior border of Pectoralis minor muscle.It passes lateral to the axillary and upper part of brachial artery.
182
cause of scapular winging
SERRATUS ANTERIOR
also...
weakness of the trapezius or
weakness of the rhomboids
183
rotator cuff muscles
S - supraspinatus- adduction
I - infraspinatus- adduction, ER
T - teres minor- adduction, ER
S – subscapularis- IR
184
elbow joint movments
flexion/extension
185
elbow joints
Ulnohumeral joint
◦ Between the trochlear notch of
the ulna and the trochlea of the
humerus
Radiohumeral joint
◦ Between the head of the radius
and the capitulum of the
humerus
186
elbow bones
humerus
radius
ulna
187
ligaments of elbow
- Medial collateral ligament (valgus)
- Lateral collateral ligament (varus)
- annular ligament (wraps around head of radius)
188
forearm joints
1. Proximal radioulnar joint
2. Distal radioulnar joint
189
forearm ligaments (muscle
Annular ligament
Interosseous membrane
190
forarm joint movments
pronation/supination
191
attachments of wrist and hand muscles
medial and lateral epicondyles
192
carrying angle of the elbow
15-20 degrees
VALGUS
193
hand joints
CMC joints (5)
Intermetacarpal joints
MCP joints (5) – “knuckles”
PIP joints (4)
IP joint (1)
DIP joints (4)
194
Region at the base of the
thumb
anatomic snuff box
195
hand movements
Flexion/extension of fingers
Abduction/ adduction of
fingers
Thumb flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction,
opposition
196
thenar
thumb side
197
hypothenar
pinky side
198
digiti
fingers
199
minimi
pinkie finger
200
indicis
index finger
201
forward head position
flexion of lower cervical
vertebrae, and extension of upper vertebrae.
202
Scheuermann’s disease
severe hyperkyphosis
203
Scoliosis
Occurs in frontal plane
Many possible causes
204
thoracic and lumbar spine movements
Flexion/extension
Right/left side bending
Right/left rotation
205
directions of facets
cervical- transverse
thoracic- frontal
lumbar-sagittal
206
spine extension
bending back- anterior bulging of intervertebral disk
207
spine flexion
bending forward- posterior bulging of intervertebral disk
208
spinal movements
flexion, extension, rotation and lateral flexion
209
hip bones
◦ Ilium
◦ Ischiuim
◦ Pubis
210
hip joints
1. Sacroiliac joints (SI)
2. Pubic symphysis
3. L5-S1 – lumbosacral
joint
211
anterior pelvic tilt
Spine extensors – contract to
pull up posterior pelvis
Hip flexors – contract to pull
down anterior pelvis
212
posterior pelvic tilt
Abdominals – contract to
pull up anterior pelvis
Hip extensors – contract
to pull down on posterior
pelvis
213
Flexion of the sacrum generally is associated with increased...
lordosis of the lumbar spine = lumbar extension.
We use the term
NUTATION for this movement.
214
Extension of the sacrum generally is associated with decreased...
lordosis of the lumbar spine = lumbar flexion.
We use the term
COUNTERNUTATION for this movement.
215
lateral tilt of pelvis
The unsupported side of the pelvis
drops slightly when the leg comes
off ground
The spine side bends slightly to
opposite side of unsupported leg
Supporting leg adducts,
unsupported side abducts
Normal pelvic tilt is fairly minimal,
primarily due to actions of:
Hip abductor on stance side – pulls
down on pelvis, toward hip; this “hip
hiker” pulls up on unsupported side
216
sacral angle of inclination
about 40 degrees
217
Hip Joint between...
the femoral head and the acetabulum of
the pelvis
218
normal torsion of femur
15 degress
219
anteversion
more than 15 degrees torsion
220
retroversion
less than 15 degree torsion
221
normal angle of inclination
125-135 degrees between the neck and shaft of femur
222
torsion
a twisting of the thigh bone (femur), where the top part of the bone is rotated slightly inward or outward compared to the bottom, causing the knees to point in a certain direction
223
coxa vara
decreased angle between the neck of the femur and its shaft
- neck pointed downward
- varus, knee pointed laterally
224
coxa valga
increased angle between the neck of the femur and its shaft
- neck pointed upward
- valgus, knee pointed medially
225
In a closed chain hip movement...
foot is fixed on the ground, causing the pelvis to move relative to the stationary leg
- Squats, Lunges, Leg press, and Step-ups.
226
in an open chain hip movement...
the leg is free to move in space with the pelvis relatively stable, allowing for isolated muscle activation of the hip joint
- Hip flexion with leg raised (like lying on your back and bringing your knee towards your chest)
- Hip extension with leg raised (like leg extensions on a machine)
- Hip abduction with leg raised (like side-lying leg lifts)
227
knee ligaments
* MCL – medial collateral
* LCL – lateral collateral
* ACL – anterior cruciate
* PCL – posterior cruciate
228
medial collateral lig
resists a valgus/lateral- producing force
229
lateral collateral lig
resists a varus/medial- producing force
230
anterior cruciate lig
prevents anterior translation of the tibia on the
femur
231
posterior cruciate lig
prevents posterior translation of the tibia on the
femur
232
knees:
1. varus
2. valgus
1. pointed laterally
2. pointed medially
233
motions of the knee
flexion
extension
rotation (screw home mechanism)
234
screw home mechanism
rotation that happens during the last degrees of knee extension, where the tibia slightly rotates inwards on the femur, effectively "locking" the knee joint in a stable position for standing upright
235
concentric knee example
Muscle shortens while contracting.
Example: Pushing up from a squat, straightening the knee during a leg extension.
236
eccentric knee example
Muscle lengthens while contracting.
Example: Lowering into a squat, slowly bending the knee during a leg extension.
237
regions of the foot
* Forefoot
* Metatarsals and phalanges
* Midfoot
* Navicular, Cuneiforms, cuboid
* Rearfoot (or hindfoot)
* Talus and calcaneus
238
1. Longitudinal arch
2. Transverse arch
1. sagittal plane
2. frontal plane
239
ankle motion
* Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion- sagittal plane (talocrural joint)
* Inversion/Eversion- frontal plane
* Abduction/Adduction- transverse plane (forefoot, calcaneus, talus)
combination of all is pronation/supination
240
Calcaneal abduction = calcaneal eversion = ...
calcaneal valgus
241
Calcaneal adduction = calcaneal inversion = ...
calcaneal varus
242
Motion occurring
in all three planes of the foot
is called...
supination or pronation
243
In an open chain, _________ is a combination of:
* Inversion
* Plantarflexion
* Forefoot adduction
and/or calcaneal
varus (adduction).
TRY IT ON YOURSELF IT MAKES SENSE
supination
244
In an open chain, _________ is a combination of
* Eversion
* Dorsiflexion
* Forefoot abduction
and/or calcaneal
valgus (abduction)
TRY IT ON YOURSELF IT MAKES SENSE
pronation
245
Closed chain _______ is combination of
* Calcaneal varus
* Abduction of the talus on the calcaneus.
supination
246
Closed chain _________ is
combination of:
* Calcaneal valgus
* Plantarflexion
* Adduction of the talus on the
calcaneus.
pronation
247
tri-planar (foot and ankle)
Motion occurring
in all three planes
is called
supination or
pronation
248
ankle pronation
leaning inward
249
ankle supination
leaning outward
250
Let’s review the foot and ankle motions
* DF : PF --- sagittal plane
* Inv : Ev --- frontal plane
* Forefoot ABduction : forefoot ADduction --- transverse plane
* Pronation : Supination --- Triplanar movement
* Calcaneal varus and valgus --- frontal plane
251
1. Calcaneal ABduction = c. ______ = c. valgus
2. Calcaneal ADduction = c. ______ = c. valgus
1. eversion
2. inversion
252
Midfoot is ___1____ and RIGID when foot is in
supination, and ___2___ in pronation
1. locked
2. unlocked
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Plantar Fascia
* Fascial sheath that
runs from the
calcaneus to
proximal phalanx of
the great toe.
* Is pulled taut with
extension of big toe
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how foot and ankle position effect knees
Pronation (flat feet):
When your foot rolls inward excessively (pronates), it can cause your knee to angle inwards (valgus), putting stress on the medial ligaments and cartilage of the knee.
Supination (high arches):
If your foot arches too much (supinates), it can cause your knee to angle outwards (varus), placing stress on the lateral side of the knee joint.
Toe-in/Toe-out:
The direction your toes point (foot progression angle) significantly impacts knee alignment; toe-in can increase knee adduction moments, while toe-out can lead to increased knee valgus.
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Fner
