func anat 3 (final) Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
pelvic girdle
A
- Sacrum and coccyx
- Ilium
- Ischiuim
- Pubis
2
Q
joints of the pelvis
A
- Sacroiliac joints (SI)
- Pubic symphysis
- L5-S1 –
lumbosacral joint
3
Q
ASIS is ____ AIIS
A
superiors
4
Q
motions of the pelvis
A
- Anterior pelvic tilt
- Posterior pelvic tilt
- Lateral pelvic tilt
5
Q
anterior pelvic tilt
A
Increased lordosis of lumbar
spine
Extension of the lumbar spine
Flexion of the hip joint
6
Q
posterior pelvic tilt
A
Decreased lordosis of
lumbar spine
Flexion of lumbar spine
Extension of hip joint
7
Q
muscle responsible for anterior tilt
A
Spine extensors – contract to
pull up the posterior pelvis
Hip flexors – contract to pull
down anterior pelvis
8
Q
the muscles involved in posterior pelvic tilt
A
Abdominals – contract to
pull up anterior pelvis
Hip extensors – contract
to pull down on posterior
pelvis
9
Q
Hip abductor on stance side
A
pulls down
on pelvis, toward hip; this “hip hiker”
pulls up on unsupported side
10
Q
Flexion of the sacrum
A
increased lordosis
of the lumbar spine =
lumbar extension.
NUTATION
11
Q
extension of the sacrum
A
decreased lordosis of
the lumbar spine = lumbar
flexion
COUNTERNUTATION
12
Q
Lumbar extension – ↑ lumbar lordosis – flexion of sacrum =
A
NUTATION
13
Q
Lumbar flexion – ↓ lumbar lordosis – extension of sacrum =
A
COUNTERNUTATION
14
Q
How many plane of motion can the hip joint move
A
three planes: triaxial
15
Q
hip joint is between…
A
the femoral head and the acetabulum of
the pelvis
16
Q
femur
A
head, neck, and shaft
17
Q
angle of inclination of the femur
A
130 degrees (125-135 degrees)
18
Q
torsion angle- neck of femur
A
15 degree
19
Q
Greater trochanter and lesser
trochanter are for ______
A
muscle attachments
20
Q
Extensive ligaments between
femur and all three pelvis
bones…
A
- Iliofemoral –”Y ligament” (ilium and femur)
- Ischiofemoral (ischium and femur)
- Pubofemoral (pubis and femur)
- Ligament of the head of the
femur (“inside”)
—–Joint capsule
—–Labrum
21
Q
HIP SLIDE 21 ANATOMY
A
ESPECIALLY BOTTOM RIGHT CORNER
22
Q
hip flexion/extension (plane?)
A
sagittal plane
23
Q
hip abduction/adduction (plane?)
A
frontal plane
24
Q
hip internal/external rotation (plane?)
A
transverse plane
25
pelvis and femur flexion movements
* Femur (thigh) comes
toward trunk
* Trunk flexes forward,
coming toward thigh
(touch toes)
* Pelvis tilts anteriorly
which is accompanied by
lumbar extension
26
pelvis and femur extension movements
* Femur is extended
backward away from the front
of trunk
* Pelvis is rotated backward
(standing back bend)
* Posterior pelvic tilt, which
is accompanied by lumbar
spine flexion
27
pelvis and femur abduction movements
* Femur is brought away
from midline in frontal
plane
* Trunk is brought toward
leg in frontal plane (side
bending)
* Stance leg when hip is
hiked up
28
pelvis and femur adduction movements
* Femur is brought toward
or across the midline
* Trunk is brought away
from leg in frontal plane
(side bending)
* Stance leg when hip is
dropped
29
pelvis and femur internal and external rotation movements
* Similarly, the femur can
move in or out on the pelvis
or
* The pelvis can move in or
out on the femur
30
torsion angle variations
line through trochanters
* Anteversion- too anteriorly rotated
* Retroversion- too posteriorly rotated
31
angle of inclination
line through femur head and neck
* Coxa vara
* Coxa valgus
32
head of the femur is rotated ____ slightly
anteriorly
33
anteversion
more that 15 degrees of torsion---results in 'toe in' or toe rotated medially
34
retroversion
less than 15 degrees of torsion--- results in 'toe out' or toe pointed laterally
35
coxa varus?
angle is smaller than it should be/turns medially
-results in valgus knee position?
36
coxa valgus?
angle is wider than it should be/turns laterally
-results is varus knee position?
37
joints of the knee (2)
*Tibiofemoral joint-distal femur and
proximal tibia
*Patellofemoral joint-underside of
the patella and the femur
38
tibiofemoral joint
*Condyloid joint-one bone on top of another- unstable
*Ligaments and muscles make
up for lack of bony stability
*two degress of freedom
39
patellofemoral joint
*Femoral condyles are
covered with articular
cartilage.
*Trochlear groove
(“patellar surface”) is
the sulcus for the
patella.
40
what are the planes the tibiofemoral joint moves on
sagittal and transverse
41
Varus is when the joint is _____ to the bones
above and below.
lateral
42
Valgus is when the joint is _____to the bones
above and below.
medial
43
I DON'T UNDERSTAND VARUS AND VALGUS ANGLE OF THE KNEE AND HIP AND HOW THEY EFFECT EACHOTHER
LEARN ABOUT THIS- KNEE SLIDE 5
44
KNEE SLIDE 3 AND 4 ANATOMY
LEARN AND LABEL
45
The knee naturally moves in a _____ direction
valgus (medial)
46
Q angle
Angle formed when using center of
patella as axis, ASIS as landmark for
one arm of the goniometer, and the
tibial tuberosity as the landmark for
the other arm (more info on knee slide 6)
47
Q angle of ______° in males
10-12
48
Q angle of ______ ° in females
15-17 (wider because of the width of the pelvis)
49
Tibia to femur relationship:
______ ° valgus is normal
5-7
50
Tibiofemoral Joint-ligaments
* MCL – medial collateral
* LCL – lateral collateral
* ACL – anterior cruciate
* PCL – posterior cruciate
51
ligaments are _____ restraints
passive
52
muscles are _____ restraints
active
53
LCL prevents
varus (lateral)
54
MCL prevnts
valgus (medial)
55
ACL prevents
anterior translation of tibia and femur
56
MCL resists a valgus-producing force-On which
side of the knee would the
force be directed?
lateral
57
PCL prevents
posterior translation tibia and femur
58
LCL resists a varus-
producing force – On which
side of the knee would the
force be directed?
medial
59
purpose of the meniscus (3)
increases congruity of the joint
absorbs shock
distributes synovial fluid.
60
Inner 2/3 is avascular. Outer 1/3 is
vascular. What does this mean?
the vascular portion allows blood flow to occur
61
________ in posterior
thigh and knee which sends
offshoot of common peroneal
nerve foot.
sciatic nerve
62
Distal to the sciatic nerve is the....
tibial nerve
63
Sciatic or a branch of it
innervates _____ muscles of the
posterior leg, and anterior
lower leg.
all
64
Femoral nerve in anterior
thigh innervates
_______
quadriceps
65
Obturator nerve in anterior
medial thigh innervates
_______
adductors
66
the patella acts as a ____
pulley
67
articular cartilage is on the _____ of the patella
underside (smooth movement, but wears down)
68
patella ligaments restrain movement in ____
all directions
69
patella alta
patella rides too high
70
patella baja
patella rides too low
71
Lateral retinaculum and iliotibial
band restrain ______ movement.
medial
72
Lateral retinaculum and iliotibial
band are ____ restraints
passive (static)
73
Vastus medialis oblique muscle
(VMO) restrains _______ movement
lateral
74
Vastus medialis oblique muscle
(VMO) is a _____ restraint
active (dynamic)
75
motions of the knee
flexion
extension
rotation
76
With knee flexion, tibia rotates on femur up to 40-
___ degrees
50
77
in an open chain movement which direction would the tibia move
(foot is not flexed)
lateral rotation on the tibia
78
in a closed chain movement (standing up from a sitting position) which direction would the femur move
medial rotation of the femur
79
open chain movement
tibia
80
closed chain movement
femur
81
“screw-home mechanism”
With knee flexion, tibia rotates on femur up to 40-
50 degrees. At end range of extension, there occurs a lateral
rotation of the tibia on the femur; or medial rotation of the
femur on the tibia.
82
Genu Recuvatum
hyperextension of the knee
83
bones of the foot and ankle
* Tarsals
* Calcaneus
* Talus
* Navicular
* Cuboid
* Cuneiform
I,II,III
* Metatarsals
* Phalanges
84
KNOW HOW TO LABEL ANKLE AND FOOT BONESSS
ankle and foot slide 3-5
85
forefoot
Metatarsals and phalanges
86
midfoot
Navicular, Cuneiforms, cuboid
87
rearfoot (or hindfoot)
Talus and calcaneus
88
(foot) Longitudinal arch occurs in which plane
sagittal plane
89
(foot) Transverse arch occurs in which plane
frontal plane
90
ankle motions
* Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion (sagittal)
* Inversion/Eversion (frontal)
* Abduction/Adduction (transverse)
Combination of these three is supination/pronation
91
Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion occurs in which plane
sagittal
Occurs at the talocrucal joint
92
Inversion/Eversion occurs in which plane
frontal plane
93
Abduction/Adduction (forefoot) occurs in which plane
transverse plane---of the forefoot
-abduction= turning foot laterally
-adduction=turning foot medially
94
Abduction and adduction
can refer to the movement of the..
- forefoot
- calcaneal
- talus
95
Calcaneal abduction = calcaneal eversion =
calcaneal valgus
96
Calcaneal adduction = calcaneal inversion =
calcaneal varus
97
Motion occurring
in all three planes
is called
supination or
pronation (Triplanar Motion)
98
99
open chain,
supination is a
combination of:
* Inversion
* Plantarflexion
* Forefoot adduction
100
open chain,
pronation is a
combination of:
* Eversion
* Dorsiflexion
* Forefoot abduction
101
Closed chain supination is combination of:
* Calcaneal varus
* Abduction of the talus on the calcaneus.
102
two joints of the rearfoot
* Talocrural joint
* Joint between the talus
and tibia
* Subtalar
* Joint between the talus
and calcaneus
102
Closed chain pronation is
combination of:
* Calcaneal valgus
* Plantarflexion
* Adduction of the talus on the
calcaneus.
103
Movement occurring at talocrural joint is
dorsiflexion and plantarflexion (sagittal plane)
104
Movement occurring at talocrural joint is
dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
* What plane?
sagittal plane
105
Movement occurring at subtalar joint is
pronation and supination
106
Movement occurring at subtalar joint is
pronation and supination
* Which planes?
All three planes
107
t/f Arch can “collapse”
through midfoot
true- the arch flattens throughout the midfoot
108
Midfoot is locked and
rigid when foot is in
________, and
unlocked in ______.
-supination (locked)(more rigid to help push off)
-pronation (unlocked)(absorbs shock)
109
Forefoot is composed of the
following joints: there are 4
* Tarsalmetatarsal (TMT) – between
the tarsals and metatarsals (TMT)
* Intermetatarsal (IMT) – between the
metatarsals
* Metatarsalphalangeal (MTP) –
between the metatarsals and proximal
phalanx
* Interphalangeal (IP) joints – between
proximal, middle, distal phalanges
110
Tarsalmetatarsal (TMT)
between
the tarsals and metatarsals (TMT)
111
Intermetatarsal (IMT)
between the
metatarsals
112
Metatarsalphalangeal (MTP)
between the metatarsals and proximal
phalanx
113
Interphalangeal (IP) joints
between
proximal, middle, distal phalanges
114
toes/phalanges
ray
115
Forefoot inversion
varus
116
Forefoot eversion
valgus
117
Ligaments of foot and ankle YOU DONT NEED TO LABEL THESE!!!!
* Lateral side:
anterior talo-fib,
posterior talo-fib,
calcaneo-fib,
* Medial side:
deltoid ligament
118
Medial side ligament of foot/ankle
deltoid ligament
119
sheath that runs from the calcaneus to proximal phalanx of the great toe; pulled with
extension of big toe
plantar fascia
120
Forefoot
metatarsals and phalanges
121
rearfoot/hindfoot
talus and calcaneus
122
midfoot
navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid8`
123
calcaneal valgus and varus occurs in which plane
frontal
124
When pronated the midfoot is_____
unlocked
125
When supinated the midfoot is _______
locked
126
forefoot primary movments
inversion/eversion (frontal plane)
----can also do abduction and adduction
127
closed chain
The distal segment, like the hand or foot, is fixed to a surface and doesn't move. The body provides the resistance. Examples include squats, push-ups, and lunges.
128
Open chain
The distal segment moves the resistance, while the body is stabilized by a machine or bench. Examples include leg extensions, bench presses, and arm curls
129
Normal gait phases
Stance phase (60%)
Swing phase (40%)
130
stance phase has
heel strike
foot flat
mid-stance
push-off
131
swing phase
Acceleration
Mid-swing
Decceleration
132
Foot is _____
(pronation) at heel strike, to
accommodate surface
UNLOCKED
133
Foot is_____
(supination) at push-off;
serves as a rigid lever
LOCKED
134
if something is moving (gait)
ing
135
position of something (gait)
ed
136
knee during gait
Knee
1. Slight flexion at heel
strike and foot flat
2. Near extension at mid-
stance and push-off
3. Greatest amount of
flexion during swing
phase
4. Near extension to
prepare for heel strike
137
during gait, which planes does movement occur
frontal and transverse plane
138
Thomas Test
Length of iliopsoas, rectus femoris
139
Rectus Femoris
- one of the quad muscles
- crosses the knee and hip joint
- origin AIIS
- insertion tibial tuberosity
140
Hamstrings tests
* 90-90 Test – normal is
within about 20° of full
knee extension
* SLR Test – normal is 55-
70°
141
hamstrings
- orgin is ischial tuberosity
- insertion is biceps femoris
142
TFL – IT band test
* Ober Test – normal is
testing leg dropping to
table
143
TFL- IT band
- origin ASIS
- insertion iliotibial band
144
Gastrocnemius test
-flex test
145
