ANAT241 Lecture 15 - Skull and Vertebral Column Flashcards
1
Q
what is the axial skeleton?
A
bones that are along the midline
2
Q
what are the 5 major structures of the axial skeleton?
A
skull vertebrae + discs ribs + cartilages sacrum coccyx
3
Q
what are the 3 functions of the skull?
A
- protecting the brain and the brainstem
- protecting sensory organs
- attachment site for muscles involved in speech, chewing, eye movement, facial expression
4
Q
what are sutures?
A
fibrous joints that are tiny gaps in between bones
5
Q
what is the coronal suture?
A
suture that separates the frontal bone from the parietal bones
6
Q
what is the sagittal suture?
A
suture that separates the 2 parietal bones
7
Q
where is the lambdoid suture located?
A
on the posterior aspect of the skull
8
Q
what is the lambdoid suture?
A
suture that separates the parietal bone from the occipital bone
9
Q
what is the relationship between lambda and the lambdoid suture?
A
the lambdoid suture is shaped like the symbol lambda (upside down Y)
10
Q
what is the relationship between age and sutures?
A
sutures are membraneous when young and will only fuse in the late 20s
11
Q
what is the fontanelle?
A
the top part of the skull in a baby that is more like a membrane that will ossify to become solid bone
12
Q
what is the squamous suture?
A
the suture that separates the temporal bone and the parietal bone bilaterally
13
Q
what is the pterion?
A
the region where the frontal, temporal, parietal and sphenoid bones join together
14
Q
what is the TMJ?
A
tempromandibular joint
15
Q
what is the tempromandibular joint (TMJ)?
A
the temporal bone of the mandible
16
Q
what type of joint is the tempromandibular joint (TMJ)?
A
a synovial joint
17
Q
what does the articular disc articulate with?
A
articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the condyle of the mandible below
18
Q
what is the condylar process?
A
the part of the mandible that connects with the temporal bone
19
Q
what is required for the jaw to open?
A
in order for the jaw to open some type of rotation of the condylar process is required
20
Q
what is protusion?
A
the mandible moving forward
21
Q
what is retraction?
A
the mandible moving backwards
22
Q
what is elevation?
A
the mandible moving up
23
Q
what is depression? (in terms of the mandible)
A
the mandible moving down
24
Q
what is the part of the mandible that moves up during elevation?
A
the ramus
25
what is the alveolar arch?
where the teeth are located
26
what are the 3 features/functions of the mandible?
- it attaches to the temporal bone via the TMJ
- it is a site for muscle attachments (e.g for chewing, facial expressions)
- it has alveolar process for teeth
27
what is the coronoid process?
where the temporalis muscle attaches to help close the mouth resulting in elevation of the mandible
28
what is the temporal line?
where muscles attach
29
what are the 2 divisions of the structure of the skull?
viscerocranium
| neurocranium
30
what does the viscerocranium make up?
makes up the facial skeleton
31
what is the neurocranium?
the part of the skull that protects the brain
32
what are the 3 singular bones that make up the viscerocranium?
mandible
ethmoid bone
vomer bone
33
what are the 6 paired bones that make up the viscerocranium?
```
maxillae bone
zygomatic bone
palatine bone
nasal bone
lacrimal bone
inferior nasal conchae
```
34
what bone makes up the forehead?
the frontal bone
35
what are the 4 singular bones that make up the neurocranium?
frontal bone
ethmoidal bone
sphenoidal bone
occipital bone
36
what are the paired bones that make up the neurocranium?
temporal bones
| parietal bones
37
what does the frontal bone form?
forms the anterior and superior walls
38
how does the frontal bone articulate with other bones?
articulates with other bones via sutures
39
what is the supraorbital notch/foramen?
foramen located above the eye socket
40
what is the orbital?
the cavity of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated
41
what is the function of the supraorbital notch/forameen?
allows the passage of the supraorbital vein, artery and nerve to pass through
42
what does the supraorbital nerve supply?
supplies skin sensation on the forehead
43
what is the supraorbital ridge?
the ridge on top of the eyebrows
44
what bone is the upper jaw?
the maxilla bone
45
what bone is the lower jaw?
the mandible bone
46
what is the zygomatic bone?
the cheekbone
47
what is the projection of zygomatic bone?
the frontal process of the zygomatic bone
48
what is the projection of the maxilla bone?
maxilla process
49
what is the temporal projection?
the temporal process of the zygomatic bone
50
what is the vomer bone?
bone that splits the nasal cavity into left and right
51
what bone is the side of the neurocranium?
the parietal bone
52
what bone is the side of the neurocranium?
the occipital bone
53
what is the projection of the temporal bone to the zygomatic bone?
the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
54
what does the parietal bones form?
forms the lateral and superior walls
55
what line does the parietal bones have?
has the temporal lines for the temporalis muscle
56
what does the parietal bones contribute to?
the pterion
57
what is the pterion?
a weak part of the skull where multiple bones come together
58
what 4 things does each temporal bone have?
- a mandibular fossa for TMJ
- mastoid and styloid processes
- zygomatic process
- internal and external acoustic meatus
59
where is the mastoid process located?
behind the ear
60
what is the styloid process?
a small needle like projection
61
what is the external acoustic meatus?
the opening of the ear canal
62
why is the pterion a weak part of the skull?
because multiple bones join together at this point if it suffers a blow/damage it will have a large effect on the skull
63
what are the 4 features of the occipital bone?
- forms the posterior and floor of the neurocranium (vault)
- occipital protuberance
- occipital condyles
- forman magnum
64
what is the function of the occipital proturberance?
for muscle and ligament attachment
65
what is the function of the occipital condyles?
articulation of the C1 vertebrae
66
what are the 4 features of the sphenoid bone?
-has greater and lesser wings
-has hypophyseal fossa
-has many foramina
has pterygoid processes
67
what is the function of having a hypophyseal fossa in the sphenoid bone?
to provide a space for
| the pituitary gland
68
what is the function of having many foramina in the sphenoid bone?
for many nerves and blood vessels to pass through
69
what is the function of pterygoid processes in the sphenoid bone?
for muscle attachment for muscles involved in side to side jaw movement
70
what are the muscles involved inside to side jaw movement?
pterygoid muscles
71
what are the 3 features of the ethmoid bone?
- has a cribriform plate
- crista galli
- ethmoidal air sinuses
72
what is the function of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?
has perforations/openings for olfactory nerves
73
what is the function of the crista galli of the ethmoid bone?
it is an attachment site for the dura
74
what is the dura?
one of the layers that protects the brain
75
what are the ethmoidal air sinuses of the ethmoid bone?
many tiny air spaces
76
what are the 4 depressions of the base of the skull?
- anterior cranial fossa
- middle cranial fossae
- hypophyseal fossa
- posterior cranial fossa
77
what are 3 functions of the vertebral column?
- to protect the spinal cord and spinal nerves
- keep the torso upright and provide attachment to the pelvic girdle for bipedalism
- attachment sites for muscles and ligaments
78
what are 2 divisions of the vertebral column in terms of mobility?
mobile vertebrae
| fused vertebrae
79
what does the mobile vertebrae consist of?
```
cervical vertebrae (7)
thoracic vertebrae (12)
lumbar vertebrae (5)
```
80
what does the fused vertebrae consist of?
```
sacral vertebrae (5)
coccygeal vertebrae (3-4)
```
81
what are the typical vertebrae?
the lumbar vertebrae
82
what are the 6 features that compose a typical vertebrae?
- body
- pedicle
- transverse process
- lamina
- spinous process
- articular process
83
what is the pedicle?
the part of the vertebrae that connects the body to the remaining vertebral arch
84
what are the 2 types of articular process?
superior and inferior articular process
85
what are the 4 features of the cervical vertebrae?
- small body
- bifurcated spinous process
- transverse foramina for vertebral artery
- C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) are specialised
86
what is the foramen transversium?
the transverse foramen for the vertebral artery that is the main arterial supply to the brain
87
what is the main arterial supply to the brain?
the vertebral artery
88
what is the site of ligament attachment of the cervical vertebrae?
the bifid spine
89
what is the C1 vertebrae?
atlas
90
what is the relationship between the C1 vertebrae and body of the vertebrae?
the C1 (atlas) vertebrae has no body
91
what is the C2 vertebrae?
axis
92
what is the tubercle?
thickened part of a bone
93
what is the atlantoccipital joint?
the joint between the atlas bone and the occipital bone
94
what is the function of the atlantoccipital joint?
side to side hip movement
95
what is the dens?
superior projecting bony element from the C2 (axis) vertebrae
96
what are the 4 features of the thoracic vertebrae?
- the spinous process points downwards
- has costal facets
- has little movement between 2 adjacent vertebrae
- multiple thoracic vertebrae
97
what is the function of the costal facets in the thoracic vertebrae?
for superior, inferior and transverse rib attachment and articulation
98
what is the function of multiple thoracic vertebrae?
allow for more movement
99
what are the 4 features of the lumbar vertebrae?
- large body
- do not allow much movement
- distal end of the spinal cord ends at L1/L2
- only cauda equina below this level (important site for lumbar puncture)
100
what is the function of the large body of the lumbar vertebrae?
large body for load bearing to transmit force from the upper body
101
what is the cauda equinoa?
bundle of spinal nerves at the end of the spinal cord
102
what is the sacrum?
5 fused vertebrae
103
what joint does the sacrum form?
forms the sacroiliac joint with the pelvis
104
what 2 openings does the sacrum have?
```
sacral canal (superior)
sacral hiatus (inferior)
```
105
what is the function of the sacral canal of the sacrum?
for the cauda equina to pass through
106
what is the sacral hiatus of the sacrum?
the inferior opening of the sacral canal
107
what is the sacrococcygeal symphysis?
a fibrocartilage disc that separates the sacrum and the coccyx
108
what is the coccyx in humans?
vestigial tail
109
what is the relationship between the coccyx and age?
the coccyx deteriorates with age and becomes easily fractured
110
what is the zygapophyseal joint?
a synovial joint between the superior and inferior articular processes of the adjacent vertebrae
111
what does the zygapophyseal joint form?
forms the invertebral foramen for spinal nerves
112
what are intervertebral discs found?
found between vertebrae
113
what does the intervertebral discs consist of?
anulus fibrosus
| nucleus pulposus
114
what is anulus fibrosis?
a fibrous structure
115
what does the nucleus pulpous contain?
contains lots of water and will deteriorate with age
116
where are the anterior and poster longitudinal ligaments located?
located anterior and posterior to the vertebral body
117
where is the ligament flavum located?
located between adjacent lamina
118
how many vertebrae is the ligament flavum between?
between 2 vertebrae
119
where does the ligamentum nuchae extend from?
extends from the external occipital protuberance to C7
120
what is the function of the ligamentum nuchae?
for posterior neck support
121
what is the supraspinous ligament?
ligament that connects the tip of the spinous processes from C7 vertebrae to the sacrum
122
what is the ligament between spinous processes?
interspinous ligament
123
what is whiplash injury?
hyperextension of the neck where the anterior longitudinal ligament is stretched or torn
