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Neurobiology > ANAT242 M1 L2- > Flashcards

ANAT242 M1 L2- Flashcards

(112 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 types of nerve tissue?

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells

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2
Q

What is white matter composed of?

A

Axons
White due to myelin

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3
Q

What is gray matter composed of?

A

Neuron cell bodies (soma)
Nucleus in CNS
Ganglion in PNS

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4
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

Turn or twist in brain
Identified by a hilly bump

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5
Q

What is a sucli?

A

Valley, groove that goes inwards

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6
Q

What is a fissure?

A

Separates large regions of the brain

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7
Q

What is the insula?

A

Buried deep in lateral sulcus
Covered by portions of temporal, parietal and frontal lobes

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8
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

Central sulcus

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9
Q

What separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

A

Transverse fissure

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10
Q

What separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal?

A

Lateral sulcus

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11
Q

What separates the parietal and occipital lobes?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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12
Q

What is the bottom of the spinal cord called?

A

Conus medullaris (L1-L2)

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13
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

Extends from conus medullaris to posterior surface of coccyx

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14
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Collection of nerve roots at inferior end of vertebral canal

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15
Q

Why do nerve roots extend past the length of the spinal cord?

A

Due to disproportionate growth of spinal cord vs vertebral column

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16
Q

What is paresthesias?

A

Sensory loss (white matter)

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17
Q

Damage to what vertebrae causes high tertraplegia?

A

C1-C4

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18
Q

Damage to what vertebrae cause low tetraplegia?

A

C5-C8

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19
Q

Damage to what vertebrae causes paraplegia?

A

Thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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20
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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21
Q

What are properties of the dura mater?

A

Very strong and durable
Thick layer of CT

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22
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater?

A

Periosteal and meningeal

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater?

A

Separate and form large dural venous sinuses

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24
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Meningeal layer that separates cerebrum from cerebellum (tent)

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25
What is the falx cerebri?
Small dural fold, runs along midline of cerebellum Separates two cerebellar hemispheres
26
What is the subdural space?
Between meningeal dura mater and arachnoid mater Contains a film of fluid Bleeding causes subdural haemorrhage
27
What is the arachnoid mater?
Delicate transparent membrane Does NOT go into sulci Connected to pia mater by fine strands of CT
28
What is the subarachnoid space?
Between arachnoid mater and pia mater Wide space filled w/ CSF Blood In here = subdural haemorrhage
29
What are the arachnoid villi?
Projections of the arachnoid mater Can form arachnoid granulations Drain CSF into venous sinuses
30
What are cisterns?
Enlarged subarachnoid space that accumulates CSF
31
What are the different cisterns?
Cerebellomedullary = largest Superior cistern = superior to cerebellum Interpenduncular cistern Pontine cistern
32
What is the pia mater?
Delicate, follows contours of brain Surrounds blood vessels Forms perivascular space Forms roof of ventricles
33
Why does the spinal meninges not have a periosteal layer of the dura mater?
Due to requirement of spinal mobility
34
What is the epidural space?
Between spinal dural sheath and vertebral bony wall Contains fat and venous plexus Largest at L2
35
What is the subarachnoid space?
Between arachnoid and pia mater Contains CSF
36
What is the lumbar cistern?
Inferior to spinal cord L1 Where lumbar puncture occurs
37
What is the denticulate ligament?
Support spinal cord within dural sheath Lateral anchoring and support
38
What does the filum terminale do?
Anchor spinal cord in vertical direction
39
What are the symptoms of meningitis?
Inflammation of pia-arachnoid Fever, headache, stiff neck CSF presents cloudy due to bacteria
40
What is included in the ventricular system?
4 ventricles 2 lateral, 3rd and 4th Contains CSF and continuous with each other
41
What is the cerebral aqueduct?
Connects 3rd and 4th ventricles
42
What is the interventricular foramen and lateral aperture?
Ensure continuity of lateral ventricles
43
Where do the lateral ventricles go?
Frontal -> anterior horn Occipital -> posterior horn Temporal -> inferior horn Choroid plexus circulates CSF around body and inferior horn
44
What does the 3rd ventricle do and where is it?
Seen in between thalamus Between lateral ventricle and cerebral aqueduct Choroid plexus in roof
45
Where is the 4th ventricle?
Lies between cerebellum, pons and medulla 3 openings - 2 lateral (luschka), 1 median (magendie)
46
What is the flow of CSF?
Choroid plexus -> lateral ventricle and 3rd ventricle Cerebral aqueduct -> 4th ventricle Goes down to cerebellomedullary cistern, down spinal cord and circulates up Goes into arachnoid granulations and eventually superior sagittal sinus
47
What is hydrocephalus?
Water on the brain characterised by excessive CSF in ventricular system Can cause englarged heads for new borns
48
What % of bloodflow is directed to the brain?
15% of blood flow is for the brain 1-2 min = impaired function 4 min = irreversible damage
49
What is the track of the anterior blood supply?
Common carotid artery splits to internal and external carotid artery
50
What is the track of the posterior blood supply?
Vertebral artery (in column) split into 2 and then join to 1 - basilar artery
51
What does the basilar artery divide into?
Basilar divides into 2 posterior cerebral arteries
52
What does the internal carotid artery branch into?
Anterior and middle cerebral artery
53
What is the circle of willis?
Basilar artery connects to internal carotid via posterior communicating arteries
54
What is the purpose of the circle of willis?
Maintain supply to entire brain if 1 main artery is blocked or narrowed
55
What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?
Occipital lobes, brainstem, medial aspect of hemisphere (posterior 1/3), 3rd and lateral ventricles and inferior temporal lobes
56
What does the middle cerebral artery supply?
Almost all lateral surfaces of hemispheres
57
What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?
Supply the anterior 2/3 of medial hemisphere and basal nuclei
58
What happens when there is an occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery?
Contralateral hemiplagia (1 artery) or bilateral paralysis (2) and impaired sensation Greatest in lower limb
59
What happens when there is an occlusion of the middle cerebral artery?
Severe contralateral hemiplagia and impaired sensation Most marked in upper limb and face Severe aphasia if dominant hemisphere affected
60
What happens when there is an occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery?
Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
61
What is contralateral homonymous hemianopsia?
Opposite side vision problems
62
What forms the roof of the 4th ventricle?
Superior medullary velum
63
What is the path of venous drainage in the brain?
Fine veins (brain) -> pial venous plexuses -> cerebral veins -> dural venous sinuses -> internal jugular vein -> heart
64
Where are the venous sinuses located?
Between periosteal and meningeal layer Receive venous blood from brain and scalp as well as CSF
65
Purpose and anatomy of superior saggital sinus
Lies along superior margin of the falx cerebri Joins the transverse sinus (right) Arachnoid villi drain the CSF into the sup. sagittal sinus
66
Purpose and anatomy of inferior sagittal sinus
Lies along inferior margin of the falx cerebri Joins the straight sinus
67
Purpose and anatomy of straight sinus
Within tentorium cerebelli Joins left transverse sinus
68
Purpose and anatomy of transverse sinus
Left continuous w/ straight sinus Sinuses join at confluens
69
Purpose and anatomy of sigmoid sinus
Forward continuation of transverse sinus Opens into internal jugular vein
70
Purpose and anatomy of cavernous sinus
Lateral to pituitary gland, linked w/ venous channels Drains into superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
71
What is contained in the frontal lobe?
Anterior of central sulcus Incl. pre-central gyrus, sup., middle and inferior frontal gyrus Superior and inferior frontal sulcus
72
What is in the inferior frontal gyrus?
Opercular most posterior Triangular in middle Orbital most anterior near eye
73
What is contained in brocas area?
Opercular and triangular Usually present in left hemisphere
74
What is contained in the pre-central gyrus?
Somatic motor cortex Area of cortex to specific region proportional to amount of motor control over that region
75
What happens when there is damage to the pre-central gyrus?
Depending on whether its anterior or middle cerebral artery blocked is contralateral hemiplagia and lower limb, middle is same and upper limb + face
76
What is the pre-motor cortex?
Anterior to pre-centra gyrus Controls learned motor skills Supplies 30% of pyramidal tract axons Damage results in loss of skills
77
What are the supplementary and cingulate motor areas?
Supplementary anterior to pre-central gyrus Cingulate covers top of corpus callosum Receives input from many other cortical areas and thalamus Contribute to cortiocospinal tract
78
What happens when there is damage to the supplementary and cingulate motor areas?
Loss of desired skill movement and speech
79
What does the parietal lobe do?
Integrates sensory info
80
What is the anatomy of the parietal lobe?
In post-central gyrus Sup. and inf. parietal lobule separated by intraparietal sulcus
81
Where are the supramarginal and angular gyrus located?
Supramarginal gyrus posterior to post-central gyrus Angular gyrus posterior to supramarginal gyrus
82
What is the purpose of the post-central gyrus?
Also known as somatosensory cortex Receive info from contralateral side
83
What is the somatosensory association cortex?
In the sup. parietal lobule Integrating different sensory inputs via somatosensory cortex Ie: limb positioning, weight and texture of object, location of touch and pain
84
What is the anatomy of the occipital lobe?
Posterior to parieto-occipital sulcus Calcarine sulcus separates - primary cortex inferior Secondary on either side of primary visual cortex
85
What is the visual association area?
Communicates w/ primary visual cortex Interprets visual stimuli Face recognition in temporal lobe
86
What is the anatomy of the temporal lobe?
The sup. and inf. temporal sulcus divide it into sup., middle and inf. frontal gyrus Rhinal sulcus anterior Collateral posterior to rhinal Occipitotemporal lateral to other 2 Uncus medial to rhinal Parahippocampal gyrus medial to collateral Inf. temporal gyrus later to occipitotemporal sulcus
87
What does the fimbria do?
Connect the hippocampi to other structures
88
What is the septum pellucidum?
Separates the two ventricles
89
What connects the hippocampi to other structures?
Fimbria --> fornix
90
What is the transverse temporal gyri?
Primary auditory cortex Wernickes area superficial and posterior
91
What is the insular lobe for?
Emotion, homeostasis, cognition and being self-aware
92
What is non-fluent aphasia?
Brocas area damage Can comprehend speech but difficult to produce - little fluency
93
What is fluent aphasia?
Wernickes area damage Difficult to comprehend speech and talking is fluent but meaningless
94
What is contained in cerebral white matter?
Consists largely of myelinated axons bundled into large tracts
95
What are projection tracts?
Extend top -> bottom Vertically from brain -> spinal cord forming internal capsule
96
What are commissural tracts?
Cross hemispheres Involves corpus callosum, wide band of axon tracts
97
What is the anatomy of the corpus callosum?
Rostrum 1st part close to nose Genu = first turn (in frontal lobe) Body = main part (frontal/parietal) Splenium = most post. (temp/occipital)
98
What is contained in the anterior commissure?
Axons that connect middle and inferior temporal gyri of 2 sides
99
What do cerebral white matter association fibres do?
Connect lobes and gyri w/ in hemisphere
100
What is contained in the basal ganglia?
Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nuclei and substantia nigra
101
What is contained in the lentiform nucleus?
Putamen and globus pallidus
102
What is contained in the striatum?
Caudate nucleus and putamen
103
What does the caudate nucleus look like?
C - shaped
104
What is the foramen and function of the olfactory nerve (I)?
Foramen = Cribriform plate Function = Olfaction - sensory
105
What is the foramen and function of the optic nerve (II)?
Foramen = Optic foramen Function = Vision - sensory
106
What is the foramen and function of the occulomotor nerve (III)?
Foramen = Superior orbital fissure Function = Innervate most eye muscles - motor
107
What is the foramen and function of the trochlear nerve (IV)?
Foramen = Superior orbital fissure Function = Eye movement - motor
108
What is the foramen and function of the trigeminal nerve (V)?
Foramen = V1, sup. orbital fissure, V2, Foramen rotundum V3, Foramen ovale Function = V1,2,3 sensory from eye, V3 innervates mastication muscles
109
What is the foramen and function of the abducens nerve (VI)?
Foramen = Superior orbital fissure Function = Abducts eye - motor
110
What is the foramen and function of the facial nerve (VII)?
Foramen = Internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen Function = muscles of facial expression and taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue - both
111
What is the foramen and function of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)?
Foramen = Internal acoustic meatus Function = Hearing and balance - sensory
112

Neurobiology (3 decks)

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