Anatomical areas

Question 1

<p>borders of the femoral triangle</p>

Answer 1

<p></p>

<p>medial: the medial border of<strong>adductor longus</strong></p>

<p>lateral:medial border of<strong>sartorius</strong></p>

<p>superior:<strong>inguinal ligament</strong></p>

Question 2

<p>contents of the femoral triangle</p>

Answer 2

<p>N<strong>femoral nerve</strong></p>

<p>A<strong>femoral artery</strong></p>

<p>V<strong>femoral vein</strong></p>

<p>E<strong>empty space</strong></p>

<p>L<strong>lymph nodes</strong></p>

Question 3

<p>femoral canal borders</p>

Answer 3

<p>medial: lacunar ligament</p>

<p>lateral: femoral vein</p>

<p>anterior: inguinal ligament</p>

<p>posterior: pectineus</p>

Question 4

<p>contents of the femoral canal</p>

Answer 4

<p>lymphatic vessels, deep lymph nodes, empty space, loose connective tissue</p>

<p></p>

<p>empty vein allows for distension of the femoral vein</p>

Question 5

<p>borders of the adductor canal</p>

Answer 5

<p>Anteromedial:Sartorius.</p>

<p>Lateral: Vastus medialis.</p>

<p>Posterior: Adductor longus and adductor magnus.</p>

Question 6

<p>content of the adductor canal</p>

Answer 6

<p>femoral artery</p>

<p>femoral vein</p>

<p>nerve to vastus medialis</p>

<p>saphenous nerve</p>

Question 7

<p>popliteal fossa</p>

Answer 7

<p>Superomedial border– <strong>semimembranosus.</strong></p>

<p>Superolateral border– <strong>biceps femoris.</strong></p>

<p>Inferomedial border– medial head of the <strong>gastrocnemius</strong>.</p>

<p>Inferolateral border– lateral head of the <strong>gastrocnemius</strong> and <strong>plantaris</strong>.</p>

Question 8

<p>popliteal fossa contents</p>

Answer 8

<p>(medial to lateral):</p>

<p>Popliteal artery</p>

<p>Popliteal vein</p>

<p>Tibial nerve</p>

<p>Common fibular nerve (common peroneal nerve)</p>

Question 9

<p>axilla borders</p>

Answer 9

<p>Apex– also known as the axillary inlet, it is formed by lateral border of the first rib, superior border ofscapula, and the posterior border of theclavicle.</p>

<p>Lateral wall– formed by intertubercular groove of thehumerus.</p>

<p>Medial wall– consists of the serratus anterior and the thoracic wall (ribs and intercostal muscles).</p>

<p>Anterior wall– contains the pectoralis major and the underlying pectoralis minor and the subclavius muscles.</p>

<p>Posterior wall– formed by the subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi.</p>

Question 10

<p>axilla contents</p>

Answer 10

<p>Axillary artery (and branches)– the main artery supplying the upper limb. It is commonly referred as having three parts; one medial to the pectoralis minor, one posterior to pectoralis minor, and one lateral to pectoralis minor. The medial and posterior parts travel in the axilla.</p>

<p>Axillary vein (and tributaries)–the main vein draining the upper limb, its two largest tributaries are the cephalic and basilic veins.</p>

<p>Brachial plexus (and branches)– a collection of spinal nerves that form the peripheral nerves of the upper limb.</p>

<p>Axillary lymph nodes– they filter lymphatic fluid that has drained from the upper limb and pectoral region. Axillary lymph node enlargement is a non-specific indicator of breast cancer.</p>

<p>Biceps brachii (short head) and coracobrachialis–these muscle tendons move through the axilla, where they attach to the coracoid process of the scapula.</p>

Question 11

<p>Borders of the cubital fossa</p>

Answer 11

<p></p>

<p>Thecubital fossais triangular in shape and consists of three borders, a roof, and a floor:</p>

<p>Lateral border–medial border of the <strong>brachioradialis muscle</strong>.</p>

<p>Medial border–lateral border of the<strong> pronator teres muscle.</strong></p>

<p>Superior border– horizontal line drawn between the <strong>epicondyles of the humerus.</strong></p>

<p>Roof– bicipital aponeurosis, fascia, subcutaneous fat and skin.</p>

<p>Floor– brachialis (proximally) and supinator (distally).</p>

Question 12

<p>contents of the cubital fossa</p>

Answer 12

<p>really need beer to be at my nicest</p>

<p>radial nerve</p>

<p>biceps tendon</p>

<p>brachial artery</p>

<p>median nerve</p>

Question 13

<p>carpal tunnel borders</p>

Answer 13

<p>The carpal tunnel is formed by two layers<strong>: adeep carpal arch</strong>and <strong>asuperficial flexor retinaculum.</strong> The deep carpal arch forms a concave surface, which is converted into a tunnel by the overlying flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament).</p>

Question 14

<p>Carpal Arch</p>

Answer 14

<p>Concave on the palmar side, forming the base and sides of the carpal tunnel.</p>

<p>Formed laterally by the scaphoid and trapezium tubercles</p>

<p>Formed medially by the hook of the hamate and the pisiform</p>

Question 15

<p>Flexor Retinaculum</p>

Answer 15

<p>Thick connective tissue which forms the roof of the carpal tunnel.</p>

<p>Turns the carpal arch into the carpal tunnel by bridging the space between the medial and lateral parts of the arch.</p>

<p>Spans between the hook of hamate and pisiform (medially) to the scaphoid and trapezium (laterally).</p>

Question 16

<p>hand bones</p>

Answer 16

<p>Some –Scaphoid.</p>

<p>Lovers –Lunate.</p>

<p>Try –Triquetrum.</p>

<p>Positions –Pisiform.</p>

<p>That –Trapezium.</p>

<p>They –Trapezoid.</p>

<p>Can't –Capitate.</p>

<p>Handle –Hamate.</p>

Question 17

<p>contents of the carpal tunnel</p>

Answer 17

<p>The carpal tunnel contains a total of9 tendons, surrounded by synovial sheaths, and themediannerve.</p>

Question 18

<p>tendons of the carpal tunnel</p>

Answer 18

<p>The tendon offlexor pollicis longus</p>

<p>Four tendons offlexor digitorum profundus</p>

<p>Four tendons offlexor digitorum superficialis</p>

<p>The 8 tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis are surrounded by a single synovial sheath.The tendon of flexor pollicis longus is surrounded by its own synovial sheath. These sheaths allow free movement of the tendons.</p>

Question 19

<p>Median Nerve</p>

Answer 19

<p>Once it passes through the carpal tunnel, the median nerve divides into 2 sensory branches:</p>

<ol> <li>Palmar cutaneous- thenar muscle group</li> <li>Digital cutaneous- palmar skina nd dorsal nail beds of the lateral three and a half digits</li></ol>

<p></p>

Question 20

<p>other nervous supply to the hand</p>

Answer 20

<p>ulnar</p>

<p>radius</p>

Question 21

<p>borders of the anatomical snuffbox</p>

Answer 21

<p>As the snuffbox is triangularly shaped, it has three borders, a floor, and a roof:</p>

<p>Ulnar (medial) border: Tendon of the extensor pollicis longus.</p>

<p>Radial (lateral) border: Tendons of the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus.</p>

<p>Proximal border: Styloid process of theradius.</p>

<p>Floor: Carpal bones; scaphoid and trapezium.</p>

<p>Roof: Skin.</p>

Question 22

<p>anatomical snuffbox content</p>

Answer 22

<p>cephalic vein, radial artery and superficial radial nerve branch</p>

Question 23

<p>inguinal ligament basic structure</p>

Answer 23

<p>direct hernia- through the superficial ring (medial to the inferior epigastric vessel) --> older patients= weakness in abdominal wall</p>

<p>indirect hernia- through the deep ring (lateral to the inferior epigastric vessel) --> younger patients- congenital (male>female)</p>

Question 24

<p>Mid-inguinal point–</p>

Answer 24

<p>halfway between the pubic symphysis and the anterior superior iliac spine. The femoral pulse can be palpated here.</p>

Question 25

Midpoint of the inguinal ligament 

Answer 25

– halfway between the pubic tubercle and the anterior superior iliac spine (the two attachments of the inguinal ligament). The opening to the inguinal canal is located just above this point.

Question 26

borders of the inguinal ligament

Answer 26

Anterior wall – aponeurosis of the external oblique, reinforced by the internal oblique muscle laterally.

Posterior wall – transversalis fascia.

Roof – transversalis fascia, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis.

Floor – inguinal ligament (a ‘rolled up’ portion of the external oblique aponeurosis), thickened medially by the lacunar ligament.

Question 27

Contents of the inguinal canal

Answer 27

The contents of the inguinal canal include:

Spermatic cord (biological males only) – contains neurovascular and reproductive structures that supply and drain the testes. See here for more information.

Round ligament (biological females only) – originates from the uterine horn and travels through the inguinal canal to attach at the labia majora.

Ilioinguinal nerve – contributes towards the sensory innervation of the genitalia

Note: only travels through part of the inguinal canal, exiting via the superficial inguinal ring (it does not pass through the deep inguinal ring)

This is the nerve most at risk of damage during an inguinal hernia repair.

Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve – supplies the cremaster muscle and anterior scrotal skin in males, and the skin of the mons pubis and labia majora in females.

Question 28

anterior

Answer 28

medial- imaginary midline

lateral- anterior border of SCM

superir- lower border of mandible

Question 29

posterior

Answer 29

inferior- 1/3 of clavicle

anterior- posterior border of SCM

posterior- anteiror border of trapezius

Question 30

carotid triangle

Answer 30

Superior – posterior belly of the digastric muscle.

Lateral – medial border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Inferior – superior belly of the omohyoid muscle.